{ "organism": "Lactobacillus acidophilus", "built_at": "2026-09-15T11:24:42+05:30", "review_status": "unreviewed", "generator": "CultureScope 1.0.0", "disclaimer": "Aggregated from published literature. Unreviewed. Not a substitute for a validated SOP or an accredited reference laboratory.", "taxonomy": { "taxon": "Lactobacillus acidophilus", "lineage": "cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus", "rank": "species", "taxid": "1579", "taxonomy_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1579", "gram_prior": { "value": "Gram-positive", "basis": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage" }, "accepted": "Lactobacillus acidophilus", "gbif_status": "ACCEPTED", "gbif_name": "Lactobacillus acidophilus (Moro, 1900) Hansen & Mocquot, 1970" }, "fields": { "media": { "label": "Media used", "multi": true, "items": [ { "key": "mrs_agar_broth", "value": "MRS agar/broth", "score": 101.04, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "crossref", "openalex", "openaire", "preprints" ], "n_sources": 6, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The experiments monitored the time evolution of bacterial populations grown on two different cultivation media (single source of carbon-SSCM and de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe-MRS broth media) which stimulated different proliferation conditions.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41373656/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMID:41373656" }, { "sentence": "Results showed that the digested soybean oligopeptide (dPep) was less efficient than MRS medium in promoting the growth, but by increasing the content of the intermediates during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, its metabolic capacity was significantly improved.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Effect of soybean oligopeptide on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35498845/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:35498845" }, { "sentence": "The cell recovery and bacterial counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in tested products (pure L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains, starter culture, probiotic supplements, and yogurt) using our mRCM with sodium pyruvate (mRCM-PYR) were significantly higher than in the recently modified RCM and the common de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "The growth of other lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and Bifidobacteria was retarded in this modified medium compared with their growth in MRS and mRCM.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "This result is a significant improvement in the enumeration and differentiation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in mRCM-PYR compared with the results in MRS and mRCM where the high background growth of similar species interferes with the accuracy of bacterial population counts.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "The CFSs harvested from LAB1900 grown in de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe broth with initial pH of 5.5 (CFS5.5) and 6.6 (CFS6.6) were tested.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Initial culture media pH influences the antibacterial activity and metabolic footprint of Lactobacillus acidophilus BIOTECH 1900.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37671992/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:37671992" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "reinforced_clostridial_medium", "value": "Reinforced clostridial medium", "score": 6.99, "sources": [ "pubmed", "openalex" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture..", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "In this study, we modified reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) to selectively enumerate and isolate Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, a probiotic and important starter culture in the dairy industry.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "Bacteriological media evaluated included Streptococcus thermophilus agar, pH modified MRS agar, MRS-vancomycine agar, MRS-bile agar, MRS-NaCl agar, MRS-lithium chloride agar, MRS-NNLP (nalidixic acid, neomycin sulfate, lithium chloride and paramomycine sulfate) agar, reinforced clostridial agar, sugar-based (such as maltose, galactose, sorbitol, manitol, esculin) media, sodium lactate agar, arabinose agar, raffinose agar, xylose agar, and L. casei agar.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Selective Enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Propionibacteria", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73821-1", "year": "2003", "id": "https://openalex.org/W1980463869" }, { "sentence": "The MRS agar at pH 5.2 or reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.3 could be used for the selective enumeration of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus when the incubation was carried out at 45 degrees C for > or = 72 h.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Evaluation of Media for Selective Enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacteria", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76513-x", "year": "1996", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2041354280" }, { "sentence": "However, the recovery of this organism was lower on MRS agar at pH 5.2 or reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.3 than that obtained on MRS agar.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Evaluation of Media for Selective Enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacteria", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(96)76513-x", "year": "1996", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2041354280" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "m17_medium", "value": "M17 medium", "score": 6.48, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "M17 agar: In accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, 55 g of commercial M17 agar (Merck), which contained 5.0 g of lactose monohydrate, was suspended in 1000 mL of distilled water, then mixed thoroughly and brought gently to the boil under frequent agitation.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Both strains of Lb. acidophilus ( i.e. , LA-5 and NCAIM B.02085) showed good growth in the majority of culture media, except in M17 agar incubated at 45 degC for 24 h under aerobic conditions and in TOS-MUP agar.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Besides the reference medium, only M17 agar was capable of promoting the growth of S. thermophilus TH-4 and DSM 20479.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "It must be noted, however, that CASO and M17 agars incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 48 h yielded approximately 1 log cycle higher (p < 0.05) S. thermophilus counts than aerobically incubated M17 agar at 45 degC for 24 h.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Not surprisingly, lactococci grew well in M17 agar at 37 degC.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Under aerobic incubation at 37 degC for 48 h, M17 agar lacked selectivity, promoting the growth of the majority of LAB strains screened in this investigation.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "tinsdale_cystine_tellurite", "value": "Tinsdale / cystine-tellurite", "score": 6.21, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings..", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "To shorten diagnostic turnaround time, study adopted primary inoculation on selective Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope (LSS) for rapid growth.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Methods In this cross-sectional study, 50 throat swab specimens collected from patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of diphtheria were cultured on Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Conclusion Black colonies on Tinsdale medium were not specific for Corynebacterium, as several other organisms produced similar colonies.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "loeffler_serum_slope", "value": "Loeffler serum slope", "score": 2.48, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "To shorten diagnostic turnaround time, study adopted primary inoculation on selective Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope (LSS) for rapid growth.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Methods In this cross-sectional study, 50 throat swab specimens collected from patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of diphtheria were cultured on Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "thioglycollate_broth", "value": "Thioglycollate broth", "score": 1.44, "sources": [ "openalex" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Cultures of L. acidophilus were grown at 37 degrees C in lactobacilli MRS broth supplemented with sodium thioglycollate, sodium taurocholate, and cholesterol (cholesterol phosphatidyl choline micelles).", "source": "openalex", "title": "Relationships Among Bile Tolerance, Bile Salt Deconjugation, and Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus", "url": "https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(93)77422-6", "year": "1993", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2032410474" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "nutrient_agar", "value": "Nutrient agar", "score": 1.34, "sources": [ "crossref", "zenodo" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The OD600 results were verified by the bacteria plating method on nutrient agar.", "source": "crossref", "title": "Impact of Electro-Activated Whey on Growth, Acid and Bile Resistance of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Subsp., Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gg and Lactobacillus Acidophilus Atcc4356", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4007902", "year": "2022", "id": "doi:10.2139/ssrn.4007902" }, { "sentence": "Lactic acid bacteria from freshly prepare ‘Ogi’ and ‘Kunun’ were isolated by plating on nutrient agar modified with glacial acetic acid.", "source": "zenodo", "title": "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE BACTEROCIN PRODUCING CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM SELECTED TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FOODS", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/7281240", "year": "2011", "id": "zenodo:7281240" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "wilkins_chalgren_anaerobe_agar", "value": "Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobe agar", "score": 0.81, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Recent studies also indicated that mupirocin agars such as Wilkins-Chalgren agar containing 100 mg/L of mupirocin ( Rada and Koc, 2000 ), MRS agar fortified with cysteine hydrochloride (0.05%, w/v) and mupirocin at 50 mg/L ( Simpson et al. , 2004 ), and Transoligosaccharide propionate agar supplemented with 50 mg/L of mupirocin ( Ghoddusi and Hassan, 2011 ; ISO and IDF, 2010 ; Kolakowski et al. , 2010 ) are the most suitable media for isolation and selective enumeration of bi", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "marine_agar_2216", "value": "Marine agar 2216", "score": 0.81, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Corresponding author ( rohjaesook@hanyang.ac.kr ) 9 2011 30 9 2011 49 3 202216 295 298 07 6 2011 25 7 2011 30 7 2011 01 09 2011 09 11 2011 11 05 2024 © 2011, Korean Society for Parasitology 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and repr", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "mueller_hinton_agar", "value": "Mueller-Hinton agar", "score": 0.78, "sources": [ "preprints" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Standardized 0.5 McFarland inocula of E. faecalis , C. albicans , and S. aureus were lawn-cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus: An in-vitro study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9304616/v1", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1178238" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "temperature": { "label": "Optimum temperature for growth", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "r6_55", "value": "6–55 °C", "score": 26.4, "sources": [ "europepmc", "pubmed", "pmc", "openaire", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 5, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Growth and tolerance tests confirmed adaptation to wide temperature (6 to 55 degC), pH (2.3 to 7.3), and NaCl (1 to 6%) ranges.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Technological and molecular profiling of lactic flora in Hamra ewe's milk cheese from the Algerian steppe.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s44463-026-00064-x", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:41979736 doi:10.1007/s44463-026-00064-x" }, { "sentence": "In addition, its optimal culture conditions were 3% inoculum ( v / v ); culture temperature 37 degC; initial pH 6.5; and medium composition of 30.18 g/L glucose, 37.35 g/L soybean peptone, 18.68 g/L fish peptone, 2.46 g/L sodium citrate, 6.125 g/L sodium acetate, 2.46 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 0.4 g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O,0.04 g/L MnSO 4 ·5H 2 O, 0.01 g/L serine, and 0.3 g/L uracil.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "In Vitro Evaluation of Intestinal Transport and High-Density Fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus .", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37887401/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37887401" }, { "sentence": "Incubated at 37 degC, the nonselective MRS media provided optimum growth conditions for many of the strains.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "L. acidophilus was grown in 20 ml of MRS broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) at 37 degC in a 5% CO 2 incubator for 16 to 24 hr.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "The cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were grown at 37 degC in various media maintained at pH 6.0 during growth with a neutralizer of 20% sodium carbonate in 20% ammonium hydroxide.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Pepsinized Sweet Whey Medium for Growing Lactobacillus acidophilus for Frozen Concentrated Cultures", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "1983", "id": "openaire" }, { "sentence": "The best culture media and incubation conditions for enumeration of the probiotic cultures were: B. animalis: MRS agar with dicloxacillin, 37 degC or 42 degC, anaerobiosis; L. acidophilus: MRS agar with bile salts, 37 degC or 42 degC, aerobiosis; L. casei: MRS agar with lithium chloride and sodium propionate, 37 degC or 42 degC, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis in the presence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2009", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p79", "value": "79.2 °C", "score": 1.22, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The optimum liquefaction enzyme dosage, temperature, and time determined by Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) were 9 mL/L of α-amylase, 79.2 degC, and 5 h of reaction, respectively.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26572522/", "year": "2016", "id": "PMID:26572522" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p60", "value": "60 °C", "score": 1.22, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The optimum temperature and reaction time for saccharification were determined as 60 degC and 3 h.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26572522/", "year": "2016", "id": "PMID:26572522" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p4", "value": "4 °C", "score": 0.46, "sources": [ "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The viability of L. acidophilus cells encapsulated by spray drying technology stored at refrigerated condition (4 degC) is higher than the viability of cells stored at room temperature (25 degC). === Quorum sensing === Quorum sensing among cells is the process among which cell signaling can lead to coordinated activities which can ultimately help bacteria control gene expression in a consecutive sequence.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactobacillus_acidophilus", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:965861" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "time": { "label": "Time required to grow", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "hrs_24_1008", "value": "1-42 d", "score": 83.49, "sources": [ "openalex", "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "doaj", "openaire", "preprints", "crossref" ], "n_sources": 9, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Four dietary treatments, consisting of the basal diet (control), basal diet + 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% Lactobacillus culture (LC), were fed to 2,000 Arbor Acres broiler chicks from 1 to 42 d of age (DOA).", "source": "openalex", "title": "Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/77.9.1259", "year": "1998", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2041877157" }, { "sentence": "In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935380/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24935380" }, { "sentence": "The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789905/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38789905" }, { "sentence": "Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 degC for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073910/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:37073910" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_48_72", "value": "2-3 d", "score": 39.02, "sources": [ "pmc", "pubmed", "openalex", "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 4, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "John F. Alderete JF, Texas University, USA) [ 9 ] were cultured at 37 degC in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere in DMEM (WelGene, Daegu, Korea) supplemented with 10% FBS (WelGene) and 0.5% penicillin-streptomycin (GenDEPOT, Barker, Texas, USA) in a humidified atmosphere for 2-3 days.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "Isolates were inoculated into broth containing sodium oxalate (5 mg/L) and incubated anaerobically for 72 hours.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Assessment of in vitro oxalate degradation by Lactobacillus species cultured from veterinary probiotics.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26309108/", "year": "2015", "id": "PMID:26309108" }, { "sentence": "Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 and S. thermophilus DSM 20479 were propagated in CASO broth at 37 degC for 48 h under aerobic conditions; Lc . lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 19435, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis VK-256, and Ln. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum ATCC 19255 were grown in CASO broth at 30 degC for 72 h aerobically; whereas the rest of the strains tested in this study were incubated in MRS broth at 37 degC for 72 h in anaerobiosis.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 and S. thermophilus DSM 20479 were propagated in CASO broth at 37 degC for 48 h under aerobic conditions; Lc . lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 19435, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis VK-256, and Ln. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum ATCC 19255 were grown in CASO broth at 30 degC for 72 h aerobically; whereas the rest of the strains tested in this study were incubated in MRS broth at 37 degC for 72 h in anaerobiosis.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and B. breve M-16 V only grew well in CASO, TOS-MUP, and MRS pH 6.2 agars incubated at 37 degC for 72 h under anaerobic conditions.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" }, { "sentence": "Similar observations were made for Lb. casei NCAIM B.01137 and HDRI-R, which were present in high numbers in six of the eight media (methods) tested; however, they failed to form detectable numbers of colonies ( i.e. , ≥ 10 6 cfu/mL) in TOS-MUP and MRS pH 5.4 agars incubated anaerobically at 37 degC for 72 h and at 45 degC for 48 h, respectively.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_16_24", "value": "16-24 h", "score": 37.33, "sources": [ "pmc", "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "openalex", "doaj", "openaire", "preprints", "crossref" ], "n_sources": 9, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "L. acidophilus was grown in 20 ml of MRS broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) at 37 degC in a 5% CO 2 incubator for 16 to 24 hr.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935380/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24935380" }, { "sentence": "The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789905/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38789905" }, { "sentence": "Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 degC for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073910/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:37073910" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_18_24", "value": "18-24 h", "score": 35.33, "sources": [ "preprints", "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "doaj", "openaire", "crossref" ], "n_sources": 9, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "CFS solutions (300-50 mg/mL) were tested alongside chlorhexidine and sterile water controls and incubated for 18-24 h at 37 degC.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus: An in-vitro study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9304616/v1", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1178238" }, { "sentence": "In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24935380/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24935380" }, { "sentence": "The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33292138/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33292138" }, { "sentence": "L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789905/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38789905" }, { "sentence": "Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 degC for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073910/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:37073910" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_6_6", "value": "6 h", "score": 12.85, "sources": [ "pmc", "doaj", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "L. acidophilus showed exponential growth for the first 6 hr until 9 hr, and the pH was maintained close to 4.0-5.0 at 24 hr after culture, consistent with previous studies.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "The pH of the culture medium of L. acidophilus decreased rapidly from 6.2 to 4.6 over the first 6 hr and was then maintained at 3.8 until the end of the incubation period ( Fig.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "Likewise, the pH value of media from MS74 cells co-cultured with L. acidophilus also decreased profoundly from 7.6 to 5.7 for the first 6 hr, consistent with the change in growth rate of the bacterium ( Fig.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "L. acidophilus cultured alone showed an exponential increase in OD 600 nm from 0.4 to 3.0 for the first 6 hr after culture, and the number of CFUs also reached a maximum value (5×10 9 CFU/ml) during the same period of time ( Figs.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "Likewise, the OD 600 nm of L. acidophilus co-cultured with MS74 cells increased to 1.3 after the first 6 hr of incubation and reached 1.6 at the end of the incubation ( Fig.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" }, { "sentence": "However, the number of CFUs after co-culture increased from 3×10 5 to 3×10 8 CFU/ml over the first 6 hr, decreased after 9 hr, and was at 1.3×10 4 CFU/ml at the end of the culture ( Fig.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", "id": "PMC3210849" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "colony": { "label": "Colony morphology", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "cd75f2dd368", "value": "Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.", "score": 1.32, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "c55c29b31b9", "value": "Comparison of Streptococcus mutans load among the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in colony counts between the three groups (p Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies also demonstrated a statistically significant difference among the three groups (p Conclusion : A gluten-containing diet in patients with celiac disease is associated with an increased load of cariogenic bacteria in saliva.", "score": 1.21, "sources": [ "preprints" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Comparison of Streptococcus mutans load among the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in colony counts between the three groups (p Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies also demonstrated a statistically significant difference among the three groups (p Conclusion : A gluten-containing diet in patients with celiac disease is associated with an increased load of cariogenic bacteria in saliva.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Correlation between Bacterial Load of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus with Gluten-rich or gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease", "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8799725/v1", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1175622" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "ca24dad9549", "value": "As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.", "score": 1.09, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "cbd6ffffea2", "value": "Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.", "score": 1.09, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "c109b03f78b", "value": "Correlations were observed between plano-convex colony form and densely packed cells, rough colony form and random arrangement of well-separated microorganisms, and irregular colony edge and tendency of cells to grow out from the colony in filaments.", "score": 1.08, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Correlations were observed between plano-convex colony form and densely packed cells, rough colony form and random arrangement of well-separated microorganisms, and irregular colony edge and tendency of cells to grow out from the colony in filaments.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Microstructure of Colonies of Rod-Shaped Bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC247093/", "year": "1971", "id": "PMC247093" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "low", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "gram": { "label": "Gram character", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "gram_positive", "value": "Gram-positive", "score": 27.4, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "doaj", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4796) Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (K12-MG1655) Gram-negative bacteria are two microorganisms that can interact accidentally in the dairy food chain process or in different human pathologies.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41373656/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMID:41373656" }, { "sentence": "Though first thought to be a phenomenon associated with Gram-negative bacteria, vesicle production in Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and other Gram-positives has recently been described.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus-derived membrane vesicles.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30696852/", "year": "2019", "id": "PMID:30696852" }, { "sentence": "All isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and predominantly rod-shaped. rep-PCR analysis revealed strain homogeneity in most products, whereas others (products A and K) exhibited heterogeneous microbial compositions.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750869/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41750869" }, { "sentence": "Acidocin LCHV has a broad spectrum of activity both against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including several that are classified as Especially Dangerous Infections by the World Health Organization as well as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Purification, characterisation and identification of acidocin LCHV, an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er 317/402 strain Narine.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20045288/", "year": "2010", "id": "PMID:20045288" }, { "sentence": "Microscopically, R cells were observed as long gram-positive rods with small nonstainable blebs protruding from the cell wall.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Growth Characteristics, Bile Sensitivity, and Freeze Damage in Colonial Variants of Lactobacillus acidophilus †", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC243939/", "year": "1981", "id": "PMC243939" }, { "sentence": "The cytograms presented in Figure 4 aim to highlight the two categories of bacteria (Gram-positive, delimited by black lines, and Gram-negative, delimited by green lines, respectively).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12692680/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMC12692680" }, { "sentence": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus", "source": "ncbi_taxonomy", "title": "NCBI Taxonomy lineage", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1579", "year": "2026", "id": "lineage" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "gram_negative", "value": "Gram-negative", "score": 24.98, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "crossref", "doaj", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 8, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4796) Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (K12-MG1655) Gram-negative bacteria are two microorganisms that can interact accidentally in the dairy food chain process or in different human pathologies.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41373656/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMID:41373656" }, { "sentence": "Though first thought to be a phenomenon associated with Gram-negative bacteria, vesicle production in Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and other Gram-positives has recently been described.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus-derived membrane vesicles.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30696852/", "year": "2019", "id": "PMID:30696852" }, { "sentence": "The two CFSs elicited varying degrees of activity against three gram-negative bacteria.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Initial culture media pH influences the antibacterial activity and metabolic footprint of Lactobacillus acidophilus BIOTECH 1900.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37671992/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:37671992" }, { "sentence": "Stimulated whole saliva (SWS) and full-mouth SGP on intact tooth surfaces were collected from 26 primary (p) SS, 27 secondary (s) SS, and 29 control subjects for selective culture of lactobacilli, mutans streptococci, and aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods (AGNR).", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17609998/", "year": "2007", "id": "PMID:17609998" }, { "sentence": "SS sufferers had significantly lower proportion of gram-negative species (P = 0.047).", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17609998/", "year": "2007", "id": "PMID:17609998" }, { "sentence": "Subjects with pSS harbored increased levels of L. acidophilus and non-oral species, while SS sufferers generally had lower proportions of gram-negative species.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17609998/", "year": "2007", "id": "PMID:17609998" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": "Sources disagree: \"Gram-positive\" (score 27.4) versus \"Gram-negative\" (score 24.98). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.", "review": "unreviewed" }, "biochem": { "label": "Biochemical tests for identification", "multi": true, "items": [ { "key": "16s_rrna_gene_sequencing", "value": "16S rRNA gene sequencing", "score": 10.3, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "openaire", "preprints" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The two isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical properties and then by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique as Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36581674/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:36581674" }, { "sentence": "Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA sequencing showed a predominance of Lmb. reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , with some products containing additional species such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus .", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750869/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41750869" }, { "sentence": "The gram‐positive and catalase‐negative lactobacillus strains were subjected to grouping and identifying using biochemical tests, carbohydrates fermentation profiles, and 16S rDNA analysis.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" }, { "sentence": "A total of 33 LAB strains were isolated from Nigerian local fermented foods (iru, fufu, and ogi) using MRS agar, screened for antibacterial activity against selected foodborne pathogens, and characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Isolation and Optimization of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Nigerian Fermented Foods", "url": "https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.174479.2", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1254257" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "vitek_2", "value": "VITEK 2", "score": 6.23, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing for 16 antibiotics were performed using the VITEK2 system.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789905/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38789905" }, { "sentence": "Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Out of the organisms identified by conventional methods as well as by VITEK, Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent organism (25.7%), followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus (14.3%) and Streptococcus mitis (14.2%) and Lactobacillus gasseri (11.4%).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "tween_80_hydrolysis", "value": "Tween 80 hydrolysis", "score": 5.04, "sources": [ "pubmed", "openalex" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The results indicated that glucose (p = 0.01510) as negative factor and K2HPO4 (p = 0.02017) as positive effect were the significant growth factors of Lactobacillus acidophilus, CH3COONa (p = 0.09273) as positive effect was an important factor, and the optimized medium was as follows: glucose - 21 g/L, K2HPO4 - 3.5 g/L, CH3COONa - 6.5 g/L, peptone - 10 g/L, beef extract - 8 g/L, yeast extract powder - 8 g/L, C6H14O7N2 - 2 g/L, MgSO4 - 0.2 g/L and Tween-80 - 1 mL/L when the ma", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Optimization of the medium for Lactobacillus acidophilus by Plackett-Burman and steepest ascent experiment.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068030/", "year": "2015", "id": "PMID:28068030" }, { "sentence": "Optimal conditions for growth and lactic acid production by L. acidophilus were pH 6.5 or 8.0 and 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, growth was higher in LAPTg (yeast extract/peptone/tryptone/Tween 80/glucose) broth than in MRS (De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) broth.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Growth and lactic acid production by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1259, and inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14614071/", "year": "2003", "id": "PMID:14614071" }, { "sentence": "Optimal conditions for growth and lactic acid production by L. acidophilus were pH 6.5 or 8.0 and 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, growth was higher in LAPTg (yeast extract/peptone/tryptone/Tween 80/glucose) broth than in MRS (De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) broth.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Growth and lactic acid production by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1259, and inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05155-0", "year": "2003", "id": "https://openalex.org/W1882254099" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "haemolysis_pattern", "value": "Haemolysis pattern", "score": 4.86, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 4, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "When grown in (S. platensis + glucose) medium, L. acidophilus LB produced the highest lactic acid concentration of 18.24 ± 2.43 mg/mL and survived in extreme conditions such as 4% NaCl, pH 1.0-2.0, and 50 ºC, and inhibited 99.82 ± 0.24% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus population after 2 days of treatment.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds and Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus Grown in the Omega-6, -7 Riched Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39340578/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:39340578" }, { "sentence": "Both strains did not show hemolytic activity.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36581674/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:36581674" }, { "sentence": "The safety assessments (no hemolytic or DNase activity and no biogenic amine production) and its ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells were also favorable.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus TMPC 41127 isolated from traditional cheese in inhibiting Salmonella Typhi biofilms and virulence genes.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51296-2", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42071076 doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51296-2" }, { "sentence": "All strains showed no hemolysis activity which make them safe for consumption.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "starch_hydrolysis", "value": "Starch hydrolysis", "score": 4.74, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The optimum liquefaction enzyme dosage, temperature, and time determined by Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) were 9 mL/L of α-amylase, 79.2 degC, and 5 h of reaction, respectively.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26572522/", "year": "2016", "id": "PMID:26572522" }, { "sentence": "Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 produces lipase enzyme, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2 produces amylase and protease.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36581674/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:36581674" }, { "sentence": "Salivary alpha-amylase has recently been proposed as a biochemical marker reflecting caries activity.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Comparative evaluation of fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal dentifrices with digital oral health intervention on salivary cariogenic microorganisms and alpha-amylase levels in children with severe early childhood caries.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_155_26", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42641096 doi:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_155_26" }, { "sentence": "Microbial counts were assessed using selective culture media, and alpha-amylase levels were analyzed by kinetic colorimetric assay.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Comparative evaluation of fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal dentifrices with digital oral health intervention on salivary cariogenic microorganisms and alpha-amylase levels in children with severe early childhood caries.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_155_26", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42641096 doi:10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_155_26" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "antibiotic_susceptibility_profile", "value": "Antibiotic susceptibility profile", "score": 4.27, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "doaj" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing for 16 antibiotics were performed using the VITEK2 system.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38789905/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38789905" }, { "sentence": "Disk diffusion assay was done as described by CLSI M100-S25 for antibiotic susceptibility.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37073910/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:37073910" }, { "sentence": "CFS dose-dependently inhibited the formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms by 79.52% (1/4×MIC) to 13.16% (4×MIC) and degraded mature biofilms, demonstrating anticancer activity against HeLa, HT-29, and MCF-7 cells (IC 50 : 63.6-79.7 mg/mL).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus TMPC 41127 isolated from traditional cheese in inhibiting Salmonella Typhi biofilms and virulence genes.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-51296-2", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42071076 doi:10.1038/s41598-026-51296-2" }, { "sentence": "In addition, the inhibitory efficacy of the investigated Probiotics in different Gram positive and negative bacteria was evaluated by drug susceptibility testing (disc diffusion test as well as agar well diffusion test).", "source": "doaj", "title": "Inhibitory effect of Probiotics on some Gram positive and negative Bacteria", "url": "https://bjvr.uobasrah.edu.iq/article_178297_65a0277c1b8e738c25948f8dffc55170.pdf", "year": "2023", "id": "007b55a18fbc4aa48291dc7e2fd976ae" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "catalase", "value": "Catalase — reported negative", "score": 4.21, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "All isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and predominantly rod-shaped. rep-PCR analysis revealed strain homogeneity in most products, whereas others (products A and K) exhibited heterogeneous microbial compositions.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750869/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41750869" }, { "sentence": "The gram‐positive and catalase‐negative lactobacillus strains were subjected to grouping and identifying using biochemical tests, carbohydrates fermentation profiles, and 16S rDNA analysis.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "lipase", "value": "Lipase", "score": 3.93, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 produces lipase enzyme, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2 produces amylase and protease.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36581674/", "year": "2022", "id": "PMID:36581674" }, { "sentence": "The results demonstrated that the residual biomass supported the growth of B. subtillis PX205316 (2F) for the production of commercially valuable lipase and protease enzymes, hence, the recommended bioprocess was efficient in producing substrate with potential anticancer properties in a process that is environmentally friendly that promotes environmental sustainability.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Bio-process development for sustainable, large-scale production of LAB-oligosaccharides as a potential anti-colon-cancer metabolites produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus 20079.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-026-03067-x", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42601610 doi:10.1186/s12934-026-03067-x" }, { "sentence": "The isolates did not show lipolytic activity as well as biogenic amines production (except L. brevis B3).", "source": "openaire", "title": "Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "pigment_production", "value": "Pigment production", "score": 2.95, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" }, { "sentence": "Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42637039 doi:10.1016/j.ijmmb.2026.101271" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "pyr_pyrrolidonyl_arylamidase_", "value": "PYR (pyrrolidonyl arylamidase)", "score": 2.09, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The cell recovery and bacterial counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in tested products (pure L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains, starter culture, probiotic supplements, and yogurt) using our mRCM with sodium pyruvate (mRCM-PYR) were significantly higher than in the recently modified RCM and the common de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" }, { "sentence": "This result is a significant improvement in the enumeration and differentiation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in mRCM-PYR compared with the results in MRS and mRCM where the high background growth of similar species interferes with the accuracy of bacterial population counts.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32307174/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32307174" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "carbohydrate_fermentation_panel", "value": "Carbohydrate fermentation panel", "score": 1.8, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "We assessed the colony morphology, growth, acid production, and carbohydrate fermentation abilities of the recombinant L. acidophilus strain.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Biochemical characterization of a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus strain expressing exogenous FomA protein.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29747062/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMID:29747062" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "short_chain_fatty_acid_profile_glc_", "value": "Short-chain fatty acid profile (GLC)", "score": 1.8, "sources": [ "doaj" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The biological application results showed that the antioxidant capacity of S-L was stronger than XOS, while XOS was superior in promoting growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria adolescentis and stimulating production of short-chain fatty acids by Lactobacillus acidophilus.", "source": "doaj", "title": "A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13068-019-1527-3", "year": "2019", "id": "00533efd2f7b465aa130fba3587294f5" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "xylan_hemicellulose_hydrolysis", "value": "Xylan / hemicellulose hydrolysis", "score": 1.74, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "doaj" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "In addition, xylanase supplementation was found to enhance La Fae enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby augmenting ferulic acid production.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Feruloyl Esterase ( La Fae) from Lactobacillus acidophilus : Structural Insights and Functional Characterization for Application in Ferulic Acid Production.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37446348/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37446348" }, { "sentence": "In this work, we proposed a sustainable and green process using polystyrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resin to simultaneously separate and recover XOS and S-L. Enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-1,4-β-xylanase and fermentation with P. stipites were sequentially applied to purify XOS to minimize xylose content as well as amplify contents of xylobiose and xylotriose.", "source": "doaj", "title": "A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate", "url": "http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13068-019-1527-3", "year": "2019", "id": "00533efd2f7b465aa130fba3587294f5" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "ornithine_decarboxylase", "value": "Ornithine decarboxylase", "score": 1.48, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Furthermore, virulence-related genes such as hdc , tdc , odc , hyl , cylA , and ace were not identified.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41750869/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41750869" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" } }, "references": [ { "title": "Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4204943/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMC4204943", "source": "pmc", "fields": [ "media", "time", "temperature", "colony" ], "n": 64 }, { "title": "Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus Encapsulated as Freeze-Dried Culture under Extreme Conditions", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Lactobacillus%20acidophilus", "year": "2010", "id": "openaire", "source": "openaire", "fields": [ "time", "temperature", "biochem", "media" ], "n": 41 }, { "title": "Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210849/", "year": "2011", 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This is the single highest-value source; registration is free.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "pubmed", "label": "PubMed — culture and cultivation query", "status": "hit", "note": "25 abstracts retrieved (culture query).", "records": 25, "evidence": 49, "ms": 2994 }, { "key": "pubmed_pheno", "label": "PubMed — morphology and identification query", "status": "hit", "note": "25 abstracts retrieved (pheno query).", "records": 25, "evidence": 17, "ms": 2694 }, { "key": "pmc", "label": "PubMed Central — open-access Methods sections", "status": "hit", "note": "5 open-access full texts mined.", "records": 5, "evidence": 110, "ms": 8239 }, { "key": "europepmc", "label": "Europe PMC — abstract search", "status": "hit", "note": "25 records from Europe PMC.", "records": 25, "evidence": 36, "ms": 2602 }, { "key": "europepmc_ft", "label": "Europe PMC — full-text mining", "status": "empty", "note": "0 full texts mined for Methods detail.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 3710 }, { "key": "crossref", "label": "Crossref — DOI metadata", "status": "hit", "note": "25 DOI records (abstracts only where deposited).", "records": 25, "evidence": 8, "ms": 1965 }, { "key": "openalex", "label": "OpenAlex — open scholarly graph", "status": "hit", "note": "25 works (inverted abstracts reconstructed locally).", "records": 25, "evidence": 53, "ms": 2192 }, { "key": "semanticscholar", "label": "Semantic Scholar — abstracts", "status": "empty", "note": "Rate-limited or unavailable (keyless access is throttled).", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 1116 }, { "key": "doaj", "label": "DOAJ — open-access journals", "status": "hit", "note": "20 open-access articles.", "records": 20, "evidence": 12, "ms": 632 }, { "key": "openaire", "label": "OpenAIRE — repository publications", "status": "hit", "note": "20 repository publications.", "records": 20, "evidence": 41, "ms": 2360 }, { "key": "scielo", "label": "SciELO — regional journals", "status": "empty", "note": "No parseable SciELO response (their JSON output is unstable; a deep link is still provided).", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 505 }, { "key": "ncbi_books", "label": "NCBI Bookshelf — reference texts", "status": "hit", "note": "8 reference-text chapters listed.", "records": 8, "evidence": 0, "ms": 3352 }, { "key": "core", "label": "CORE — aggregated repositories", "status": "skipped", "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "springer", "label": "Springer Nature — publisher metadata", "status": "skipped", "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "elsevier", "label": "ScienceDirect — publisher metadata", "status": "skipped", "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "preprints", "label": "bioRxiv / medRxiv — preprints", "status": "hit", "note": "12 preprints (not peer reviewed — weighted down).", "records": 12, "evidence": 10, "ms": 1492 }, { "key": "zenodo", "label": "Zenodo — datasets and protocols", "status": "hit", "note": "15 deposits (datasets, theses, protocols).", "records": 15, "evidence": 2, "ms": 2089 }, { "key": "wikipedia", "label": "Wikipedia — orientation only", "status": "hit", "note": "Article retrieved (lowest weight).", "records": 1, "evidence": 7, "ms": 1134 }, { "key": "atcc", "label": "ATCC — deep link", "status": "empty", "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "nctc", "label": "NCTC / UKHSA — deep link", "status": "empty", "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "google_scholar", "label": "Google Scholar — deep link (not crawled)", "status": "empty", "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "protocols", "label": "protocols.io — deep link", "status": "empty", "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 }, { "key": "researchgate", "label": "ResearchGate — deep link", "status": "empty", "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.", "records": 0, "evidence": 0, "ms": 0 } ] }