{
    "organism": "Staphylococcus aureus",
    "built_at": "2026-08-12T21:21:40+05:30",
    "review_status": "unreviewed",
    "generator": "CultureScope 1.0.0",
    "disclaimer": "Aggregated from published literature. Unreviewed. Not a substitute for a validated SOP or an accredited reference laboratory.",
    "taxonomy": {
        "taxon": "Staphylococcus aureus",
        "lineage": "cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus",
        "rank": "species",
        "taxid": "1280",
        "taxonomy_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1280",
        "gram_prior": {
            "value": "Gram-positive",
            "basis": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage"
        },
        "accepted": "Staphylococcus aureus",
        "gbif_status": "ACCEPTED",
        "gbif_name": "Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 1884"
    },
    "fields": {
        "media": {
            "label": "Media used",
            "multi": true,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "brain_heart_infusion_bhi_",
                    "value": "Brain heart infusion (BHI)",
                    "score": 26.8,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pmc",
                        "europepmc",
                        "crossref",
                        "openaire"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 5,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Most Candida spp. exhibited a high auto-aggregation percentage in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with yeast extract (BHIYE).",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are affected by nutrients in growth media.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40528537/",
                            "year": "2025",
                            "id": "PMID:40528537"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "For screening of hVISA, we used two screening agar plates and used one commercial medium; brain heart infusion agar (BHI) plates containing 4 µg/mL vancomycin and 16 g/Lt casein (BHIA-VC; Satola's test), BHI agar plates containing 4 µg/mLvancomycin (BHIAV), and commercially obtained vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar for detetection of hVISA.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571150/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33571150"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Six coagulase-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus which had been cultivated in Brain Heart Infusion broth, milk, and brine were plated on seven isolation media.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14131367/",
                            "year": "1964",
                            "id": "PMID:14131367"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Pre-culture and growth procedures BHI agar and liquid culture media were used to maintain cultures and to examine growth curves.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Bacterial samples stored at -80 degC were thawed gently at room temperature, inoculated to BHI broth, and incubated overnight at 37 degC.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "BHI agar plates were prepared by adding 1.5% bacteriological agar powder to BHI broth.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "blood_agar",
                    "value": "Blood agar",
                    "score": 12.47,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "openaire",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 6,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The sensitivity of CSA was significantly higher than that of the conventional method (95.5 and 81.9%, respectively; P < 0.001) and allowed the recovery of important clinical isolates that were undetected on blood agar.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "To identify the bacterial isolates, the clinical samples were inoculated on blood agar media plates first and incubated at 37 degC for 18-24 h.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Molecular Characterization of Community- and Hospital- Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during COVID-19 Pandemic.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36671358/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:36671358"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Methods 270 Gram-stained images were acquired from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 grown on blood agar (BA), brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), and species-selective media at 24, 48, and 72 h.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42119791 doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The organism grew on aerobic blood agar but not on anaerobic media or thioglycolate broth.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Septic arthritis due to &lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium propinquum&lt;/i&gt;: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/asmcr.00138-25",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:41853106 doi:10.1128/asmcr.00138-25"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Each isolate was cultured on three media: Columbia blood agar, trypticase-soy agar and Chapman Stone agar.",
                            "source": "openaire",
                            "title": "Lectin typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Staphylococcus%20aureus",
                            "year": "1999",
                            "id": "openaire"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "baird_parker_agar",
                    "value": "Baird-Parker agar",
                    "score": 11.68,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "openaire"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 2,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Baird-Parker agar remains, however, the medium of choice for direct plating and enumeration of S. aureus in both Europe and the US.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7662517/",
                            "year": "1995",
                            "id": "PMID:7662517"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Compared to the Baird-Parker plate count method, which requires 4 to 5 d, this new detection method offers great time savings.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
                            "year": "2014",
                            "id": "PMID:24517232"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Moreover, our novel method had a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.998 when compared with the Baird-Parker plate count method.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
                            "year": "2014",
                            "id": "PMID:24517232"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "A comparative analysis of the quality of the developed nutrient media, Baird-Parker dry agar base and Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base and foreign analogues, was done based on results of clinical trials.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33734646"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Lecithinase activity on the medium \"Baird-Parker dry agar Base\" and mannitol fermentation on the medium \"Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base\" in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33734646"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "[Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus by the Baird Parker method from powdered milk]..",
                            "source": "openaire",
                            "title": "[Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus by the Baird Parker method from powdered milk].",
                            "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Staphylococcus%20aureus",
                            "year": "1994",
                            "id": "openaire"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "mannitol_salt_agar",
                    "value": "Mannitol salt agar",
                    "score": 7.02,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "preprints",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 5,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250674/",
                            "year": "2015",
                            "id": "PMID:25250674"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Isolates from the nasal swabs were aseptically collected and characterized using standard and established microbiological methods, which included growth and fermentation on mannitol salt agar, colonial morphology, Gram-staining reaction, Microbact™ 12S identification kit and confirmed with 16SrRNA.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Distribution and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Southwestern Nigeria.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34357586/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:34357586"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Anterior nasal swabs were collected and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar, followed by identification of S. aureus using standard microbiological techniques, including Gram staining, catalase, and coagulase tests.",
                            "source": "preprints",
                            "title": "Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus and Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in a Nigerian University Setting: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Determinants of Colonization",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10244076/v1",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1280156"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "S. aureus was isolated and identified by inoculation onto Mannitol Salt Agar, gram staining and biochemical analysis.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and hygiene implications",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/13725212",
                            "year": "2024",
                            "id": "zenodo:13725212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:8401427"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Swabs were cultured onto mannitol salt agar and blood agar.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "A Study on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus AureusCarriage in Medical Students before and after Exposureto Hospital Environment",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/11408805",
                            "year": "2024",
                            "id": "zenodo:11408805"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "tryptic_soy_agar_tsa_",
                    "value": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA)",
                    "score": 3.51,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "openalex"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 2,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250674/",
                            "year": "2015",
                            "id": "PMID:25250674"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "METHODS: The biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 were grown on black, polycarbonate membranes (diameter, 13 mm; pore size, 0.4 microm) placed on tryptic soy agar plates at 37 degrees C for 48 h.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq257",
                            "year": "2010",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2162924609"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "mueller_hinton_agar",
                    "value": "Mueller-Hinton agar",
                    "score": 3.36,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "pmc",
                        "openalex"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 3,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "After identification of the isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the presence of mecA and nuc genes were detected via polymerase chain reaction assay.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Distribution and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Southwestern Nigeria.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34357586/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:34357586"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Growth and reversion were optimal on brain heart infusion agar and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with compounds for which most clinical SCVs are auxotrophic: hemin, menadione, and thymidine.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Optimized In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Method for Small-Colony Variant Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4775967/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMC4775967"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The penetration of oxacillin, cefotaxime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin through the biofilms was determined by measuring the diameter of zones of growth inhibition (of S. aureus ATCC 25923, a quality control strain) on Mueller-Hinton agar plates following diffusion of each antibiotic from an overlying antibiotic disc through the biofilm to the agar medium versus the respective control assemblies.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq257",
                            "year": "2010",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2162924609"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "m17_medium",
                    "value": "M17 medium",
                    "score": 2.79,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The medium and related incubation conditions (SPY) was compared with 2 other protocols, M17 and ST: sensitivity was assessed by parallel cultivation of 55 strains of S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus, and selectivity by (i) parallel cultivation of 60 strains belonging to 20 different non-target species and sub-species and (ii) isolating bacteria from 3 raw-milk cheeses.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of a new culture medium for the enumeration and isolation of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus from cheese.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397607/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33397607"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "SPY was more specific than ST and M17, with respectively 20%, 40%, and 50% of the investigated non-target species able to grow.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of a new culture medium for the enumeration and isolation of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus from cheese.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397607/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33397607"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Finally, ST and SPY displayed higher recoveries of S. salivarius subsp. thermophilus colonies from cheese than M17 (5.6, 5.5, and 3.0 adjusted log(cfu/mL), respectively) and the lowest proportion of non-specific isolates.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of a new culture medium for the enumeration and isolation of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus from cheese.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397607/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33397607"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "tryptic_soy_broth_tsb_",
                    "value": "Tryptic soy broth (TSB)",
                    "score": 2.25,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "This paper also reports on a comparison of the productivity and selectivity of trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl and 1% sodium pyruvate (PTSBS) with trypticase soy broth (TSB) for the isolation of S. aureus.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7662517/",
                            "year": "1995",
                            "id": "PMID:7662517"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The selective medium consisted of tryptic soy broth basal medium, 3 inhibitors (NaCl, K2 TeO3 , and phenethyl alcohol), and 2 accelerators (sodium pyruvate and glycine).",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
                            "year": "2014",
                            "id": "PMID:24517232"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "nutrient_broth",
                    "value": "Nutrient broth",
                    "score": 1.62,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in nutrient broth, with or without human serum, were exposed to teicoplanin (50 mg/L) and, either immediately or after 30 min, inoculated into blood culture bottles.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Effect of teicoplanin on isolation of Staphylococcus aureus from blood culture media.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10350393/",
                            "year": "1999",
                            "id": "PMID:10350393"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "macconkey_agar",
                    "value": "MacConkey agar",
                    "score": 1.55,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Root canal samples from infected or necrotic primary teeth were aseptically collected and cultured on blood, chocolate, and MacConkey agar.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Phenotypic Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Microorganisms Isolated From the Primary Molars of Pediatric Dental Patients Undergoing Pulp Therapy.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106128",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42064530 doi:10.7759/cureus.106128"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "thioglycollate_broth",
                    "value": "Thioglycollate broth",
                    "score": 0.93,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The organism grew on aerobic blood agar but not on anaerobic media or thioglycolate broth.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Septic arthritis due to &lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium propinquum&lt;/i&gt;: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/asmcr.00138-25",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:41853106 doi:10.1128/asmcr.00138-25"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "mrs_agar_broth",
                    "value": "MRS agar/broth",
                    "score": 0.93,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Results LAB strains were isolated from traditional fermented dairy products in Menoufia, Egypt, including Kareish cheese, Rayeb milk, and local yoghurt, using MRS agar medium.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of culture filtrates from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from traditional dairy products in Menoufia, Egypt.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7",
                            "year": "2025",
                            "id": "MED:41241733 doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "nutrient_agar",
                    "value": "Nutrient agar",
                    "score": 0.9,
                    "sources": [
                        "zenodo"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is Gram positive cocci in clusters which forms golden colony on Nutrient agar.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/3588099",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:3588099"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "luria_bertani_lb_",
                    "value": "Luria-Bertani (LB)",
                    "score": 0.81,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Luria Bertani (LB) medium was used for the liquid culture steps and for the solid medium, bacterial agar was added.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of behavior, growth, and swarming formation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture medium modified with silver nanoparticles.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926998/",
                            "year": "2020",
                            "id": "PMID:32926998"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "high",
            "conflict": null,
            "review": "unreviewed"
        },
        "temperature": {
            "label": "Optimum temperature for growth",
            "multi": false,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "p42",
                    "value": "42 °C",
                    "score": 9.66,
                    "sources": [
                        "pmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 degC and 42 degC ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 degC).",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 degC and 42 degC ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 degC).",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "We can conclude that incubation at 42 degC, along with vitamin B12 supplement, reduces the t lag in S. aureus NCTC8325.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "(A) Growth curves of S. aureus NCTC8325 were obtained in three-factorial designs; at 37 degC and 42 degC inoculum sizes 0.05% and 0.5 %, with and without vitamin B12.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The effect plot of S. aureus NCTC8325 at 0.5% inoculum shows a reduction of 121 minutes in t lag at 42 degC incubation in the presence of vitamin B12 supplement.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The effect plot of the clinical isolate S. aureus CCUG35600 at inoculum size 0.5% at 42 degC co-cultured with vitamin B12 supplement showed a decline in lag time compared to without supplementation.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "p37",
                    "value": "37 °C",
                    "score": 4.76,
                    "sources": [
                        "pmc",
                        "europepmc",
                        "zenodo"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 3,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 degC and 42 degC ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 degC).",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "(A) Growth curves of S. aureus NCTC8325 were obtained in three-factorial designs; at 37 degC and 42 degC inoculum sizes 0.05% and 0.5 %, with and without vitamin B12.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Optimal culture conditions for EH1 included 48 h incubation at 37 degC, pH 7.0, with yeast extract and sucrose as the preferred nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of culture filtrates from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from traditional dairy products in Menoufia, Egypt.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7",
                            "year": "2025",
                            "id": "MED:41241733 doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:8401427"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "p4",
                    "value": "4 °C",
                    "score": 2.4,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "We investigated the effect of nasal mucus and mucin on the growth and survival of two Staphylococcus aureus strains in liquid Amies transport medium at room temperature and 4 degC for 14 days.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Carry-over of host nutrients during sampling enhances undesired growth of Staphylococcus aureus in liquid Amies transport medium.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098850/",
                            "year": "2019",
                            "id": "PMID:30098850"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "These findings underscore that microbiological samples from humans and animals should be stored at 4 degC until analysis to avoid undesired S. aureus growth.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Carry-over of host nutrients during sampling enhances undesired growth of Staphylococcus aureus in liquid Amies transport medium.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098850/",
                            "year": "2019",
                            "id": "PMID:30098850"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "p33",
                    "value": "33 °C",
                    "score": 1.22,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Our results revealed that 20 % sucrose, 3.5 % sodium chloride, 750-1000 U penicillin and 33 degC were optimal conditions for L-form formation.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Conditions and mutations affecting Staphylococcus aureus L-form formation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25361600/",
                            "year": "2015",
                            "id": "PMID:25361600"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "p30",
                    "value": "30 °C",
                    "score": 0.96,
                    "sources": [
                        "openalex"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Fourteen food-poisoning strains of Staphylococcus aureus have been grown in various media of known water activity at 30 degC.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "Water Relations of Staphylococcus Aureus At 30°C",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1071/bi9530549",
                            "year": "1953",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2178682063"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "low",
            "conflict": null,
            "review": "unreviewed"
        },
        "time": {
            "label": "Time required to grow",
            "multi": false,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "hrs_24_48",
                    "value": "24-48 h",
                    "score": 18.23,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc",
                        "zenodo",
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "openalex",
                        "openaire",
                        "pmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 7,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The 90-variable Cellpose framework supports 24-48 h cultures from nutrient-rich media as optimal for reliable Gram stain-based identification and laboratory quality assurance.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42119791 doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:8401427"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "After 48 h of incubation, 89, 72, and 78% of the MRSA strains were isolated on MRSA ID, CHROMagar MRSA, and ORSAB, respectively.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472303/",
                            "year": "2004",
                            "id": "PMID:15472303"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Pharmaceuticals, culture media used for in vitro diagnostics and research, human body fluids, and environments can retain very low ethanol concentrations (VLEC) ( 48 h) was observed.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Very low ethanol concentrations affect the viability and growth recovery in post-stationary-phase Staphylococcus aureus populations.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16597967/",
                            "year": "2006",
                            "id": "PMID:16597967"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Colony morphology was read at 24 and 48 hours and defined as follows: target shaped (T1) - an elevated colony center encircled by a pale zone, which is surrounded by a single ring of peripheral enhancement giving a 'target' appearance; dome-shaped (T2) with an elevated center lacking the 'target' appearance.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Sensitivity and Specificity of a Novel Colony Characteristic for Determination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35865434/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:35865434"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Results Both medium and incubation time significantly affected all variable groups (p Conclusions Extended incubation (>48 h) and selective media introduce systematic bias, particularly in S. aureus ATCC 25923.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42119791 doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "hrs_1_6",
                    "value": "1-6 h",
                    "score": 17.5,
                    "sources": [
                        "wikipedia",
                        "pmc",
                        "openaire",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "zenodo",
                        "pubmed",
                        "doaj"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 7,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "This form of gastroenteritis is self-limiting, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1-6 hours after ingestion of the toxin, with recovery in 8-24 hours.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "All cultures in BHI broth were incubated at 37 degC or 42 degC under shaking conditions for up to 6 h, whereas blood cultures were cultivated for 12 h.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "PCR was performed to confirm the presence of E. coli CCUG17620 DNA and human DNA in samples taken at 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h of incubation at 37 degC and 42 degC.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "When we calculated the CFU after 3 h and 6 h of incubation, we could see that the CFU/mL of bacteria were three times higher at 42 degC than at 37 degC.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Further incubation beyond 6 h, narrowed the gap between CFU/mL at 37 degC and 42 degC.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Similarly, we also observed an increased DNA concentration at 6 h (110 μg/mL at 42 degC and 82 μg/mL at 37 degC) and 9 h (134.4 μg/mL at 42 degC and 119.2 μg/mL at 37 degC) of incubation in samples which were incubated at a higher temperature.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "hrs_8_24",
                    "value": "8-24 h",
                    "score": 15.82,
                    "sources": [
                        "wikipedia",
                        "pubmed",
                        "pmc",
                        "europepmc",
                        "openalex",
                        "openaire"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 6,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "This form of gastroenteritis is self-limiting, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1-6 hours after ingestion of the toxin, with recovery in 8-24 hours.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "An overnight inoculum was streaked out, and plates were incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Secondary outcomes included time to MSSA identification, time to discontinuation of anti-MRSA treatment, and proportion of patients receiving targeted anti-MSSA therapy within 24 hours of Gram stain result.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Impact of Xpert® MRSA/SA blood culture PCR test on antimicrobial utilization at a large teaching hospital.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42378733 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Further, S. aureus were grown in the presence of three different IO nanoparticle concentrations for four, 12, and 24 hours.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "Bactericidal effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s9220",
                            "year": "2010",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2153844978"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "hrs_18_24",
                    "value": "18-24 h",
                    "score": 11.37,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "pubmed",
                        "pmc",
                        "europepmc",
                        "openalex",
                        "openaire"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 6,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "To identify the bacterial isolates, the clinical samples were inoculated on blood agar media plates first and incubated at 37 degC for 18-24 h.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Molecular Characterization of Community- and Hospital- Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during COVID-19 Pandemic.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36671358/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:36671358"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "An overnight inoculum was streaked out, and plates were incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Secondary outcomes included time to MSSA identification, time to discontinuation of anti-MRSA treatment, and proportion of patients receiving targeted anti-MSSA therapy within 24 hours of Gram stain result.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Impact of Xpert® MRSA/SA blood culture PCR test on antimicrobial utilization at a large teaching hospital.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42378733 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Further, S. aureus were grown in the presence of three different IO nanoparticle concentrations for four, 12, and 24 hours.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "Bactericidal effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s9220",
                            "year": "2010",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2153844978"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "hrs_22_24",
                    "value": "22-24 h",
                    "score": 9.67,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pmc",
                        "europepmc",
                        "openalex",
                        "openaire"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 5,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "After 22 to 24 h of incubation, 80% of the MRSA strains were isolated as green colonies on MRSA ID, compared with 59 and 62% of the strains that were isolated as colored colonies on CHROMagar MRSA and ORSAB, respectively.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472303/",
                            "year": "2004",
                            "id": "PMID:15472303"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The specificities of MRSA ID, CHROMagar MRSA, ORSAB, and SMB were 99.5, 99.3, 97.9, and 92.8%, respectively, after 22 to 24 h of incubation.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472303/",
                            "year": "2004",
                            "id": "PMID:15472303"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "An overnight inoculum was streaked out, and plates were incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.",
                            "source": "pmc",
                            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMC10133824"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Secondary outcomes included time to MSSA identification, time to discontinuation of anti-MRSA treatment, and proportion of patients receiving targeted anti-MSSA therapy within 24 hours of Gram stain result.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Impact of Xpert® MRSA/SA blood culture PCR test on antimicrobial utilization at a large teaching hospital.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42378733 doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117535"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "high",
            "conflict": "Sources disagree: \"24-48 h\" (score 18.23) versus \"1-6 h\" (score 17.5). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.",
            "review": "unreviewed"
        },
        "colony": {
            "label": "Colony morphology",
            "multi": false,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "c709e70c748",
                    "value": "The S. aureus L-form colonies showed typical 'fried-egg' morphology and the cells had deficient cell wall, showed morphological diversity, and stained Gram-negative.",
                    "score": 2.1,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The S. aureus L-form colonies showed typical 'fried-egg' morphology and the cells had deficient cell wall, showed morphological diversity, and stained Gram-negative.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Conditions and mutations affecting Staphylococcus aureus L-form formation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25361600/",
                            "year": "2015",
                            "id": "PMID:25361600"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "c120afd9620",
                    "value": "On solid agar media, staphylococcal SCVs are characterized by tiny colonies with deviant colony morphology.",
                    "score": 1.09,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "On solid agar media, staphylococcal SCVs are characterized by tiny colonies with deviant colony morphology.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Detection, Identification and Diagnostic Characterization of the Staphylococcal Small Colony-Variant (SCV) Phenotype.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37760742/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:37760742"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "c751b687d52",
                    "value": "Microbial isolates were identified through Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase).",
                    "score": 1.09,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Microbial isolates were identified through Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase).",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Unusual predominance of  <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>  in the salivary microbiome of children with Early Childhood Caries in Kano, Nigeria",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.05.26347684",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1267853 doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.26347684"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "c7c859bd0fb",
                    "value": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                    "score": 1.05,
                    "sources": [
                        "zenodo"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:8401427"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "ce276f2a7ee",
                    "value": "S. aureus appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates.",
                    "score": 0.98,
                    "sources": [
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "S. aureus appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "low",
            "conflict": null,
            "review": "unreviewed"
        },
        "gram": {
            "label": "Gram character",
            "multi": false,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "gram_positive",
                    "value": "Gram-positive",
                    "score": 54.56,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "crossref",
                        "openalex",
                        "doaj",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 7,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "A modified Gram stain was developed and tested as an alternative to Gram stain that improves the contrast between Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and host tissue.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The modified Gram stain clearly identified both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and when compared to H&E or Gram stain alone provided excellent contrast between bacteria and non-viable burn eschar.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "We describe a modification of the Gram stain that provides improved contrast of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms within host tissue.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Together, these proteins form the transient SufSU complex and execute the first stage of Fe-S cluster biogenesis in the SUF-like pathway in Gram-positive bacteria.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Cysteine Desulfurase Complex SufSU.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36506149/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:36506149"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The proteins involved in the SUF-like pathway, such as SufS and SufU, are essential in Gram-positive bacteria since these bacteria tend to lack redundant Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Structural and Biochemical Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Cysteine Desulfurase Complex SufSU.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36506149/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:36506149"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus",
                            "source": "ncbi_taxonomy",
                            "title": "NCBI Taxonomy lineage",
                            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1280",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "lineage"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "gram_negative",
                    "value": "Gram-negative",
                    "score": 42.64,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "doaj"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 3,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "A modified Gram stain was developed and tested as an alternative to Gram stain that improves the contrast between Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and host tissue.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The modified Gram stain clearly identified both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and when compared to H&E or Gram stain alone provided excellent contrast between bacteria and non-viable burn eschar.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "We describe a modification of the Gram stain that provides improved contrast of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms within host tissue.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
                            "year": "2016",
                            "id": "PMID:27071769"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The S. aureus L-form colonies showed typical 'fried-egg' morphology and the cells had deficient cell wall, showed morphological diversity, and stained Gram-negative.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Conditions and mutations affecting Staphylococcus aureus L-form formation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25361600/",
                            "year": "2015",
                            "id": "PMID:25361600"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "For each bacterium (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative bacilli), pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were reported.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Usefulness of sputum gram stain for etiologic diagnosis in community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31077143/",
                            "year": "2019",
                            "id": "PMID:31077143"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "high",
            "conflict": "Sources disagree: \"Gram-positive\" (score 54.56) versus \"Gram-negative\" (score 42.64). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.",
            "review": "unreviewed"
        },
        "biochem": {
            "label": "Biochemical tests for identification",
            "multi": true,
            "items": [
                {
                    "key": "coagulase",
                    "value": "Coagulase — reported negative",
                    "score": 32.65,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "doaj",
                        "openaire",
                        "preprints",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 8,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "We conducted a preliminary study with 100 S. aureus and 45 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) stock isolates plated on CSA.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "A mannitol-salt medium supplemented with 0.002% tellurite (MSOT) supported the growth of 104 of 109 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) while suppressing 74 of 102 strains of mannitol-positive, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of a mannitol-salt-oxacillin-tellurite medium for the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from contaminated sources.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1582165/",
                            "year": "1992",
                            "id": "PMID:1582165"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS..",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14131367/",
                            "year": "1964",
                            "id": "PMID:14131367"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Six coagulase-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus which had been cultivated in Brain Heart Infusion broth, milk, and brine were plated on seven isolation media.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14131367/",
                            "year": "1964",
                            "id": "PMID:14131367"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Fibrinogen applied to the surface of five of the media allowed the formation of characteristic halos by coagulase-positive strains of S. aureus.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14131367/",
                            "year": "1964",
                            "id": "PMID:14131367"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "As fatty acid compositions of coagulase-negative staphylococci are very similar, differing only in quantities but not in qualities, further identification at the species level without a fatty acid database was not achieved.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Rapid identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843049/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10843049"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "antibiotic_susceptibility_profile",
                    "value": "Antibiotic susceptibility profile",
                    "score": 28.76,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "crossref",
                        "doaj",
                        "preprints",
                        "zenodo"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 7,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Finally, at the step, MIC values of 20 (47%) hVISA isolates reduced to 2 µg/mL after sub culturing for the gradient test.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571150/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33571150"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The SA-SCVs exhibit altered phenotypes as a result of metabolic dormancy caused by electron transport deficiency, leading to increased biofilm production and alterations to antimicrobial susceptibility.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "The Clinical Significance of Staphylococcus aureus Small Colony Variants.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36226897/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:36226897"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Unlike the traditional antibiotic susceptibility test, overnight incubation is avoided.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Simple and Rapid Discrimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Based on Gram Staining and Machine Vision.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37395643/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:37395643"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "After identification of the isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the presence of mecA and nuc genes were detected via polymerase chain reaction assay.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Distribution and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Southwestern Nigeria.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34357586/",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "PMID:34357586"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The phenotypic identification of antibiotic susceptibility patterns was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method by following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2019 guidelines.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Molecular Characterization of Community- and Hospital- Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during COVID-19 Pandemic.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36671358/",
                            "year": "2023",
                            "id": "PMID:36671358"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the primary objective of identifying the bacteria isolated from pus samples received for culture in the microbiology laboratory from the Department of Orthopaedics, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, and determining the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among the isolated bacteria.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram of Culture-Confirmed Orthopaedic Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.107998",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42078300 doi:10.7759/cureus.107998"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "catalase",
                    "value": "Catalase",
                    "score": 12.77,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "europepmc",
                        "preprints",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 5,
                    "confidence": "high",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Among the 310 S. aureus isolates recovered by at least one of the two methods, 296 grew as typical mauve colonies on CSA, while only 254 yielded catalase-positive, latex-positive colonies on HBA.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10747148"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Microbial isolates were identified through Gram staining, colony morphology, and biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase).",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Unusual predominance of  <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>  in the salivary microbiome of children with Early Childhood Caries in Kano, Nigeria",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.05.26347684",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1267853 doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.26347684"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "S. aureus isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques including Gram staining, catalase test, coagulase test, and the OMNILOG identification system.",
                            "source": "preprints",
                            "title": "Isolation of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Bovine Mastitis in Sebeta Town, Ethiopia",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10455707/v1",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1286330"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Anterior nasal swabs were collected and cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar, followed by identification of S. aureus using standard microbiological techniques, including Gram staining, catalase, and coagulase tests.",
                            "source": "preprints",
                            "title": "Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus Aureus and Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Food Handlers in a Nigerian University Setting: Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, and Determinants of Colonization",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10244076/v1",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1280156"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:8401427"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "haemolysis_pattern",
                    "value": "Haemolysis pattern — reported positive",
                    "score": 7.76,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed",
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "europepmc",
                        "doaj",
                        "preprints",
                        "zenodo"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 6,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Only S. haemolyticus produced dark gray-to-black colonies on MSOT similar to those of MRSA.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Evaluation of a mannitol-salt-oxacillin-tellurite medium for the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from contaminated sources.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1582165/",
                            "year": "1992",
                            "id": "PMID:1582165"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "For further genotypic characterization of these isolates, some Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from different sources and the type strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus gallinarum, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus warneri and Staphylococcus xylosus were subjected to repetitive-sequence PCR, including enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, BOX-PCR and repet",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Rapid identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843049/",
                            "year": "2000",
                            "id": "PMID:10843049"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "About 28% of Gram-positive and 19% of Gram-negative bacteria were hemolytic.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Microbiological quality assessment of potential pathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance patterns in commercial electrolyte drinks in Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336888",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42228720 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336888"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Probiotic properties were assessed through acid (pH 2.0 and 3.0) and bile salt (0.3%) tolerance, hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility, antimicrobial activity against common yak pathogens, and adhesion to Caco-2 cells.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Probiotic potential of &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecium&lt;/i&gt; SWUN5732 isolated from yak yogurt: integrated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; evaluation for yak health.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42245445 doi:10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The strain exhibited no hemolytic activity and was susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Probiotic potential of &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecium&lt;/i&gt; SWUN5732 isolated from yak yogurt: integrated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; evaluation for yak health.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42245445 doi:10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "At the same time, 5812-A/C has no hemolytic activity toward erythrocyte, but possessed weak cytotoxic activity represented by heterochromatin condensation in human buccal epithelium cells.",
                            "source": "doaj",
                            "title": "A Novel Peptide Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces roseoflavus Strain INA-Ac-5812 With Directed Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria",
                            "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.556063/full",
                            "year": "2020",
                            "id": "00030c03e8ba48a3888c0f3ba43b7477"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "vitek_2",
                    "value": "VITEK 2",
                    "score": 6.65,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc",
                        "doaj"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 2,
                    "confidence": "moderate",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The organism was identified using the VITEK® 2 Compact system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Étoile, France), which enables rapid and accurate identification of rare, fastidious, or atypical organisms like R.gilardii by utilizing an extensive biochemical database and automated card-based technology, further enhancing diagnostic precision where conventional methods may be inconclusive.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Unveiling the Uncommon: Roseomonas gilardii Bacteremia in a 10-Month Infant Presenting With Febrile Seizure.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.87503",
                            "year": "2025",
                            "id": "MED:40777703 doi:10.7759/cureus.87503"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the BCID2 assay, comparing its effectiveness to the VITEK2 at a routine lab in Limpopo, South Africa, where alternative assays are necessary to overcome resource unavailability in areas located further away from major laboratories.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) for Bloodstream Infections in Limpopo, South Africa.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s575283",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42273392 doi:10.2147/idr.s575283"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "A total of 247 positive blood culture bottles were tested using both BCID2 and VITEK2 systems.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) for Bloodstream Infections in Limpopo, South Africa.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s575283",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42273392 doi:10.2147/idr.s575283"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Identification via VITEK 2 and 16 S rRNA sequencing confirmed the isolate as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of culture filtrates from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from traditional dairy products in Menoufia, Egypt.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7",
                            "year": "2025",
                            "id": "MED:41241733 doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Basic bacteriological culturing methods were used for culturing of bacterial isolates on selective media while the Vitek 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) was used for bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test.",
                            "source": "doaj",
                            "title": "An Investigation of Potential Health Risks from Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Farm Rats",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220942240",
                            "year": "2020",
                            "id": "000c06dc828f4c0db2b2ccfbff62358e"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "pigment_production",
                    "value": "Pigment production",
                    "score": 3.8,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed_pheno",
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 3,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Mutants lacking carotenoid production were distinguished from wild-type S. aureus and other strain variants.",
                            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
                            "title": "Drug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Reveal Distinct Biochemical Features with Raman Microspectroscopy.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29845863/",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "PMID:29845863"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Staphyloxanthin is membrane bound Carotenoid and plays an important role in antimicrobial activity.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/3588099",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:3588099"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "The aim of the present study was to detect the role of Staphyloxanthin pigment production from S. aureus isolates against Staphylococcus aureus isolate from coin proving antagonistic property.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/3588099",
                            "year": "2018",
                            "id": "zenodo:3588099"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Staphylococcal pigments Some strains of S. aureus are capable of producing staphyloxanthin - a golden-coloured carotenoid pigment.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "lecithinase_egg_yolk_",
                    "value": "Lecithinase (egg yolk)",
                    "score": 3.28,
                    "sources": [
                        "pubmed"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Lecithinase activity on the medium \"Baird-Parker dry agar Base\" and mannitol fermentation on the medium \"Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base\" in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.",
                            "source": "pubmed",
                            "title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
                            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
                            "year": "2021",
                            "id": "PMID:33734646"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "lipase",
                    "value": "Lipase",
                    "score": 2.71,
                    "sources": [
                        "openaire",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 2,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "S. epidermidis possesses lipolytic activity to digest skin surface lipids into the smallest unit of fatty acids (FAs).",
                            "source": "openaire",
                            "title": "Antimicrobial effect of coconut oil on Staphylococcus aureus: an implication of Staphylococcus epidermidis induced fermentation",
                            "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Staphylococcus%20aureus",
                            "year": "2022",
                            "id": "openaire"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "S. aureus also produces lipase to digest lipids, staphylokinase to dissolve fibrin and aid in spread, and beta-lactamase for drug resistance. === Toxins === Depending on the strain, S. aureus is capable of secreting several exotoxins, which can be categorized into three groups.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Furthermore, for differentiation on the species level, catalase (positive for all Staphylococcus species), coagulase (fibrin clot formation, positive for S. aureus), DNAse (zone of clearance on DNase agar), lipase (a yellow color and rancid odor smell), and phosphatase (a pink color) tests are all done.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "maldi_tof_ms",
                    "value": "MALDI-TOF MS",
                    "score": 1.48,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Initial synovial fluid cultures were negative; however, enrichment using aerobic blood culture bottles, followed by subculture, yielded C. propinquum identified by MALDI-TOF MS.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Septic arthritis due to &lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium propinquum&lt;/i&gt;: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/asmcr.00138-25",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:41853106 doi:10.1128/asmcr.00138-25"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "16s_rrna_gene_sequencing",
                    "value": "16S rRNA gene sequencing",
                    "score": 1.48,
                    "sources": [
                        "europepmc"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Materials and methods The strain E. faecium SWUN5732 was isolated and identified using morphological characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing.",
                            "source": "europepmc",
                            "title": "Probiotic potential of &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecium&lt;/i&gt; SWUN5732 isolated from yak yogurt: integrated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; evaluation for yak health.",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "MED:42245445 doi:10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "aerotolerance_test",
                    "value": "Aerotolerance test — reported negative",
                    "score": 1.47,
                    "sources": [
                        "zenodo",
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 2,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, and facultative anaerobic bacteria.",
                            "source": "zenodo",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and hygiene implications",
                            "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/13725212",
                            "year": "2024",
                            "id": "zenodo:13725212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow without oxygen.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        },
                        {
                            "sentence": "Exchange of DNA between the same lineage is not blocked, since they have the same enzymes, and the RM system does not recognize the new DNA as foreign, but transfer between different lineages is blocked. == Microbiology == Staphylococcus aureus (, Greek σταφυλόκοκκος 'grape-cluster berry', Latin aureus, 'golden') is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive coccal (round) bacterium also known as \"golden staph\" and \"oro staphira\".",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "dnase",
                    "value": "DNase — reported positive",
                    "score": 1.09,
                    "sources": [
                        "wikipedia"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Furthermore, for differentiation on the species level, catalase (positive for all Staphylococcus species), coagulase (fibrin clot formation, positive for S. aureus), DNAse (zone of clearance on DNase agar), lipase (a yellow color and rancid odor smell), and phosphatase (a pink color) tests are all done.",
                            "source": "wikipedia",
                            "title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
                            "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "wikipedia:118212"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "hydrogen_sulfide_h2s_",
                    "value": "Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)",
                    "score": 1.04,
                    "sources": [
                        "preprints"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "Beyond Respiration: Heme A Synthase (CtaA) Orchestrates Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Virulence via Metabolic Reprogramming in Staphylococcus aureus .",
                            "source": "preprints",
                            "title": "Beyond Respiration: Heme A Synthase (CtaA) Orchestrates Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Virulence via Metabolic Reprogramming in  <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.08.03.742422",
                            "year": "2026",
                            "id": "PPR:PPR1291963"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                },
                {
                    "key": "capsule_quellung",
                    "value": "Capsule / quellung",
                    "score": 0.73,
                    "sources": [
                        "openalex"
                    ],
                    "n_sources": 1,
                    "confidence": "low",
                    "evidence": [
                        {
                            "sentence": "The presence of CcpA in the capsular polysaccharide serotype 5 (CP5)-producing strain Newman abolished capsule formation and decreased cap operon transcription in the presence of glucose.",
                            "source": "openalex",
                            "title": "<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> CcpA Affects Virulence Determinant Production and Antibiotic Resistance",
                            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1183-1194.2006",
                            "year": "2006",
                            "id": "https://openalex.org/W2101610216"
                        }
                    ],
                    "inferred": false
                }
            ],
            "confidence": "high",
            "conflict": null,
            "review": "unreviewed"
        }
    },
    "references": [
        {
            "title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
            "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
            "year": "2023",
            "id": "PMC10133824",
            "source": "pmc",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "time",
                "temperature"
            ],
            "n": 32
        },
        {
            "title": "[Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus by the Baird Parker method from powdered milk].",
            "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Staphylococcus%20aureus",
            "year": "1994",
            "id": "openaire",
            "source": "openaire",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "time",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 20
        },
        {
            "title": "Microbiological quality assessment of potential pathogenic bacteria and multidrug resistance patterns in commercial electrolyte drinks in Dhaka, Bangladesh.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0336888",
            "year": "2026",
            "id": "MED:42228720 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0336888",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "gram",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 10
        },
        {
            "title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
            "year": "2016",
            "id": "PMID:27071769",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "gram"
            ],
            "n": 8
        },
        {
            "title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
            "year": "2000",
            "id": "PMID:10747148",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "time",
                "biochem",
                "media"
            ],
            "n": 7
        },
        {
            "title": "Simple and Rapid Discrimination of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Based on Gram Staining and Machine Vision.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37395643/",
            "year": "2023",
            "id": "PMID:37395643",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "gram",
                "time",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 6
        },
        {
            "title": "COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SELECTIVE MEDIA FOR ISOLATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF COAGULASE-POSITIVE STRAINS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14131367/",
            "year": "1964",
            "id": "PMID:14131367",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "biochem",
                "media"
            ],
            "n": 5
        },
        {
            "title": "Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
            "year": "2026",
            "id": "MED:42119791 doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "time"
            ],
            "n": 5
        },
        {
            "title": "Oritavancin as sequential therapy for Gram-positive bloodstream infections",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08725-8",
            "year": "2024",
            "id": "00072b40db7d4ed9aed1206bcfe94737",
            "source": "doaj",
            "fields": [
                "gram"
            ],
            "n": 5
        },
        {
            "title": "An Investigation of Potential Health Risks from Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Farm Rats",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220942240",
            "year": "2020",
            "id": "000c06dc828f4c0db2b2ccfbff62358e",
            "source": "doaj",
            "fields": [
                "time",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 5
        },
        {
            "title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
            "year": "2014",
            "id": "PMID:24517232",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "time"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram of Culture-Confirmed Orthopaedic Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.107998",
            "year": "2026",
            "id": "MED:42078300 doi:10.7759/cureus.107998",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "biochem",
                "gram"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "Phenotypic Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Microorganisms Isolated From the Primary Molars of Pediatric Dental Patients Undergoing Pulp Therapy.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106128",
            "year": "2026",
            "id": "MED:42064530 doi:10.7759/cureus.106128",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "biochem",
                "media",
                "gram"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "Probiotic potential of &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecium&lt;/i&gt; SWUN5732 isolated from yak yogurt: integrated &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;in vivo&lt;/i&gt; evaluation for yak health.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594",
            "year": "2026",
            "id": "MED:42245445 doi:10.14202/vetworld.2026.1581-1594",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of culture filtrates from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from traditional dairy products in Menoufia, Egypt.",
            "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7",
            "year": "2025",
            "id": "MED:41241733 doi:10.1186/s12866-025-04404-7",
            "source": "europepmc",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "biochem",
                "temperature",
                "time"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "A Novel Peptide Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces roseoflavus Strain INA-Ac-5812 With Directed Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria",
            "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.556063/full",
            "year": "2020",
            "id": "00030c03e8ba48a3888c0f3ba43b7477",
            "source": "doaj",
            "fields": [
                "gram",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 4
        },
        {
            "title": "Evaluation of a new culture medium for the enumeration and isolation of Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus from cheese.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33397607/",
            "year": "2021",
            "id": "PMID:33397607",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "media"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
            "year": "2021",
            "id": "PMID:33734646",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472303/",
            "year": "2004",
            "id": "PMID:15472303",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "time"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Evaluation of a mannitol-salt-oxacillin-tellurite medium for the isolation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from contaminated sources.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1582165/",
            "year": "1992",
            "id": "PMID:1582165",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "biochem",
                "colony"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Carry-over of host nutrients during sampling enhances undesired growth of Staphylococcus aureus in liquid Amies transport medium.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098850/",
            "year": "2019",
            "id": "PMID:30098850",
            "source": "pubmed",
            "fields": [
                "temperature",
                "time"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Conditions and mutations affecting Staphylococcus aureus L-form formation.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25361600/",
            "year": "2015",
            "id": "PMID:25361600",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "temperature",
                "colony",
                "gram"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Rapid identification of Staphylococcus epidermidis.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10843049/",
            "year": "2000",
            "id": "PMID:10843049",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Distribution and Antibiotics Resistance Pattern of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus in Southwestern Nigeria.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34357586/",
            "year": "2022",
            "id": "PMID:34357586",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Molecular Characterization of Community- and Hospital- Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates during COVID-19 Pandemic.",
            "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36671358/",
            "year": "2023",
            "id": "PMID:36671358",
            "source": "pubmed_pheno",
            "fields": [
                "media",
                "time",
                "biochem"
            ],
            "n": 3
        },
        {
            "title": "Hand Phlegmons: Clinical Burden, Microbiological Spectrum, and Predictors of Surgical Complexity.",
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            "evidence": 36,
            "ms": 46
        },
        {
            "key": "pmc",
            "label": "PubMed Central — open-access Methods sections",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "5 open-access full texts mined.",
            "records": 5,
            "evidence": 35,
            "ms": 40
        },
        {
            "key": "europepmc",
            "label": "Europe PMC — abstract search",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "25 records from Europe PMC.",
            "records": 25,
            "evidence": 53,
            "ms": 49
        },
        {
            "key": "europepmc_ft",
            "label": "Europe PMC — full-text mining",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "0 full texts mined for Methods detail.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 3009
        },
        {
            "key": "crossref",
            "label": "Crossref — DOI metadata",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "25 DOI records (abstracts only where deposited).",
            "records": 25,
            "evidence": 5,
            "ms": 12
        },
        {
            "key": "openalex",
            "label": "OpenAlex — open scholarly graph",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "25 works (inverted abstracts reconstructed locally).",
            "records": 25,
            "evidence": 10,
            "ms": 47
        },
        {
            "key": "semanticscholar",
            "label": "Semantic Scholar — abstracts",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Rate-limited or unavailable (keyless access is throttled).",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 535
        },
        {
            "key": "doaj",
            "label": "DOAJ — open-access journals",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "20 open-access articles.",
            "records": 20,
            "evidence": 23,
            "ms": 25
        },
        {
            "key": "openaire",
            "label": "OpenAIRE — repository publications",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "20 repository publications.",
            "records": 20,
            "evidence": 20,
            "ms": 32
        },
        {
            "key": "scielo",
            "label": "SciELO — regional journals",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "No parseable SciELO response (their JSON output is unstable; a deep link is still provided).",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 1048
        },
        {
            "key": "ncbi_books",
            "label": "NCBI Bookshelf — reference texts",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "8 reference-text chapters listed.",
            "records": 8,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 3
        },
        {
            "key": "core",
            "label": "CORE — aggregated repositories",
            "status": "skipped",
            "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "springer",
            "label": "Springer Nature — publisher metadata",
            "status": "skipped",
            "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "elsevier",
            "label": "ScienceDirect — publisher metadata",
            "status": "skipped",
            "note": "Skipped — no API key configured.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "preprints",
            "label": "bioRxiv / medRxiv — preprints",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "12 preprints (not peer reviewed — weighted down).",
            "records": 12,
            "evidence": 8,
            "ms": 18
        },
        {
            "key": "zenodo",
            "label": "Zenodo — datasets and protocols",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "15 deposits (datasets, theses, protocols).",
            "records": 15,
            "evidence": 33,
            "ms": 34
        },
        {
            "key": "wikipedia",
            "label": "Wikipedia — orientation only",
            "status": "hit",
            "note": "Article retrieved (lowest weight).",
            "records": 1,
            "evidence": 27,
            "ms": 12
        },
        {
            "key": "atcc",
            "label": "ATCC — deep link",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "nctc",
            "label": "NCTC / UKHSA — deep link",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "google_scholar",
            "label": "Google Scholar — deep link (not crawled)",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "protocols",
            "label": "protocols.io — deep link",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        },
        {
            "key": "researchgate",
            "label": "ResearchGate — deep link",
            "status": "empty",
            "note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
            "records": 0,
            "evidence": 0,
            "ms": 0
        }
    ]
}