{
"organism": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"built_at": "2026-10-10T14:47:31+05:30",
"review_status": "unreviewed",
"generator": "CultureScope 1.0.0",
"disclaimer": "Aggregated from published literature. Unreviewed. Not a substitute for a validated SOP or an accredited reference laboratory.",
"taxonomy": {
"taxon": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"lineage": "cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus",
"rank": "species",
"taxid": "1280",
"taxonomy_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1280",
"gram_prior": {
"value": "Gram-positive",
"basis": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage"
},
"accepted": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"gbif_status": "ACCEPTED",
"gbif_name": "Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 1884"
},
"fields": {
"media": {
"label": "Media used",
"multi": true,
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{
"key": "brain_heart_infusion_bhi_",
"value": "Brain heart infusion (BHI)",
"score": 30.9,
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"pubmed",
"pmc",
"europepmc",
"crossref",
"openalex"
],
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"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Most Candida spp. exhibited a high auto-aggregation percentage in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with yeast extract (BHIYE).",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are affected by nutrients in growth media.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40528537/",
"year": "2025",
"id": "PMID:40528537"
},
{
"sentence": "For screening of hVISA, we used two screening agar plates and used one commercial medium; brain heart infusion agar (BHI) plates containing 4 µg/mL vancomycin and 16 g/Lt casein (BHIA-VC; Satola's test), BHI agar plates containing 4 µg/mLvancomycin (BHIAV), and commercially obtained vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar for detetection of hVISA.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571150/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:33571150"
},
{
"sentence": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures..",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37122874/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMID:37122874"
},
{
"sentence": "Pre-culture and growth procedures BHI agar and liquid culture media were used to maintain cultures and to examine growth curves.",
"source": "pmc",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMC10133824"
},
{
"sentence": "Bacterial samples stored at -80 degC were thawed gently at room temperature, inoculated to BHI broth, and incubated overnight at 37 degC.",
"source": "pmc",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMC10133824"
},
{
"sentence": "BHI agar plates were prepared by adding 1.5% bacteriological agar powder to BHI broth.",
"source": "pmc",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10133824/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMC10133824"
}
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"inferred": false
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{
"key": "blood_agar",
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"score": 12.19,
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"pubmed",
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc",
"zenodo",
"wikipedia"
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{
"sentence": "Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
"year": "2000",
"id": "PMID:10747148"
},
{
"sentence": "The sensitivity of CSA was significantly higher than that of the conventional method (95.5 and 81.9%, respectively; P < 0.001) and allowed the recovery of important clinical isolates that were undetected on blood agar.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
"year": "2000",
"id": "PMID:10747148"
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{
"sentence": "Colonies from CLED were sub-cultured onto sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323552/",
"year": "2022",
"id": "PMID:37323552"
},
{
"sentence": "Methods 270 Gram-stained images were acquired from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 grown on blood agar (BA), brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), and species-selective media at 24, 48, and 72 h.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42119791 doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2026.107546"
},
{
"sentence": "The organism grew on aerobic blood agar but not on anaerobic media or thioglycolate broth.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Septic arthritis due to <i>Corynebacterium propinquum</i>: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/asmcr.00138-25",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:41853106 doi:10.1128/asmcr.00138-25"
},
{
"sentence": "Blood-culture bottles were processed using the BacT/ALERT 3D automated system, and positive cultures were subcultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.113548",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42666430 doi:10.7759/cureus.113548"
}
],
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"key": "baird_parker_agar",
"value": "Baird-Parker agar",
"score": 10.24,
"sources": [
"pubmed"
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"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Baird-Parker agar remains, however, the medium of choice for direct plating and enumeration of S. aureus in both Europe and the US.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7662517/",
"year": "1995",
"id": "PMID:7662517"
},
{
"sentence": "A comparative analysis of the quality of the developed nutrient media, Baird-Parker dry agar base and Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base and foreign analogues, was done based on results of clinical trials.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:33734646"
},
{
"sentence": "Lecithinase activity on the medium \"Baird-Parker dry agar Base\" and mannitol fermentation on the medium \"Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base\" in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:33734646"
},
{
"sentence": "Compared to the Baird-Parker plate count method, which requires 4 to 5 d, this new detection method offers great time savings.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
"year": "2014",
"id": "PMID:24517232"
},
{
"sentence": "Moreover, our novel method had a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.998 when compared with the Baird-Parker plate count method.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
"year": "2014",
"id": "PMID:24517232"
},
{
"sentence": "Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk using modified Baird-Parker culture media..",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk using modified Baird-Parker culture media.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8640634/",
"year": "1995",
"id": "PMID:8640634"
}
],
"inferred": false
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{
"key": "mrs_agar_broth",
"value": "MRS agar/broth",
"score": 8.07,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"crossref"
],
"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "moderate",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "The carbon source and nitrogen source in MRS and nutrient broth medium were optimized by using molasses and soybean meal.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Medium optimization of three marine probiotics and their application in the culture of Sebastes schlegelii.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40250497/",
"year": "2025",
"id": "PMID:40250497"
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{
"sentence": "By optimizing Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium ingredients, the antibacterial activity of lactococcin036019 in the cell-free supernatant raised from 46.19 to 300.14 Au/mL, namely, 6.5 times increased.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Optimization of Culture Medium Ingredients and Culture Conditions for Bacteriocin Production in Lactococcus lactis NCU036019.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39834170/",
"year": "2025",
"id": "PMID:39834170"
},
{
"sentence": "The impacts of adjustments and attachments in MRS media on S. aureus and LAB incubation were determined.",
"source": "crossref",
"title": "Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1932383",
"year": "2026",
"id": "doi:10.30607/kvj.1932383"
},
{
"sentence": "Different types of standard media were evaluated; MRS media were found to support the growth of S. aureus and LAB in co-culture and only LAPT media were to be found to support of E. coli and LAB in co-culture.",
"source": "crossref",
"title": "Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1932383",
"year": "2026",
"id": "doi:10.30607/kvj.1932383"
},
{
"sentence": "In summary, requirements for co-culture of S. aureus and L. casei in MRS media and co-culture of E. coli and L. casei on LAPT were determined, enabling suitable techniques to observe viable bacterial cells in co-culture.",
"source": "crossref",
"title": "Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.1932383",
"year": "2026",
"id": "doi:10.30607/kvj.1932383"
}
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"inferred": false
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{
"key": "tryptic_soy_broth_tsb_",
"value": "Tryptic soy broth (TSB)",
"score": 6.05,
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"pubmed",
"pubmed_pheno",
"openalex"
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"confidence": "moderate",
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{
"sentence": "This paper also reports on a comparison of the productivity and selectivity of trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl and 1% sodium pyruvate (PTSBS) with trypticase soy broth (TSB) for the isolation of S. aureus.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7662517/",
"year": "1995",
"id": "PMID:7662517"
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{
"sentence": "The selective medium consisted of tryptic soy broth basal medium, 3 inhibitors (NaCl, K2 TeO3 , and phenethyl alcohol), and 2 accelerators (sodium pyruvate and glycine).",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24517232/",
"year": "2014",
"id": "PMID:24517232"
},
{
"sentence": "Here, we show that aggregation during growth in the laboratory standard medium tryptic soy broth (TSB) is common among clinical and laboratory S. aureus isolates and that aggregation may introduce significant bias when applying standard enumeration methods on S. aureus growing in laboratory batch cultures.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Simple method for correct enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27080188/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27080188"
},
{
"sentence": "Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 degC (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29036196/",
"year": "2017",
"id": "PMID:29036196"
},
{
"sentence": "Complex media were required for production, and a Casein Hydrolysate-Yeast Extract medium (CCY(I)) was superior to Brain Heart Infusion and Trypticase Soy Broth.",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Formation of Bacteriolytic Enzymes in Batch and Continuous Culture of Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.104.1.227-233.1970",
"year": "1970",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W1596725215"
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{
"key": "macconkey_agar",
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"score": 4.97,
"sources": [
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc"
],
"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "moderate",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Colonies from CLED were sub-cultured onto sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323552/",
"year": "2022",
"id": "PMID:37323552"
},
{
"sentence": "Isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar, identified by colony morphology, Gram stain and standard biochemical tests, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method per CLSI guidelines.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PPR:PPR1315075 doi:10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121"
},
{
"sentence": "Root canal samples from infected or necrotic primary teeth were aseptically collected and cultured on blood, chocolate, and MacConkey agar.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Phenotypic Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Microorganisms Isolated From the Primary Molars of Pediatric Dental Patients Undergoing Pulp Therapy.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.106128",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42064530 doi:10.7759/cureus.106128"
},
{
"sentence": "Blood-culture bottles were processed using the BacT/ALERT 3D automated system, and positive cultures were subcultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.113548",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42666430 doi:10.7759/cureus.113548"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "mannitol_salt_agar",
"value": "Mannitol salt agar",
"score": 4.36,
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"pubmed",
"zenodo",
"wikipedia"
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{
"sentence": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250674/",
"year": "2015",
"id": "PMID:25250674"
},
{
"sentence": "S. aureus was isolated and identified by inoculation onto Mannitol Salt Agar, gram staining and biochemical analysis.",
"source": "zenodo",
"title": "Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and hygiene implications",
"url": "https://zenodo.org/records/13725212",
"year": "2024",
"id": "zenodo:13725212"
},
{
"sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
"source": "zenodo",
"title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
"url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
"year": "2018",
"id": "zenodo:8401427"
},
{
"sentence": "Swabs were cultured onto mannitol salt agar and blood agar.",
"source": "zenodo",
"title": "A Study on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus AureusCarriage in Medical Students before and after Exposureto Hospital Environment",
"url": "https://zenodo.org/records/11408805",
"year": "2024",
"id": "zenodo:11408805"
},
{
"sentence": "Second, the isolate is cultured on mannitol salt agar, which is a selective medium with 7.5% NaCl that allows S. aureus to grow, producing yellow-colored colonies as a result of mannitol fermentation and subsequent drop in the medium's pH.",
"source": "wikipedia",
"title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
"year": "2026",
"id": "wikipedia:118212"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "tryptic_soy_agar_tsa_",
"value": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA)",
"score": 3.51,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"openalex"
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"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25250674/",
"year": "2015",
"id": "PMID:25250674"
},
{
"sentence": "METHODS: The biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 were grown on black, polycarbonate membranes (diameter, 13 mm; pore size, 0.4 microm) placed on tryptic soy agar plates at 37 degrees C for 48 h.",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq257",
"year": "2010",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2162924609"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "mueller_hinton_agar",
"value": "Mueller-Hinton agar",
"score": 3.24,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"pmc",
"openalex"
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"n_sources": 3,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "In addition to the standard culture medium Mueller Hinton broth (MHB), iron-depleted MHB (DMHB) and RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% human serum (HS) (RPMI-HS) were also included in Ga(III)-susceptibility tests, because of their different nutrient and iron contents.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Compounds on ESKAPE Pathogens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30250828/",
"year": "2018",
"id": "PMID:30250828"
},
{
"sentence": "Growth and reversion were optimal on brain heart infusion agar and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with compounds for which most clinical SCVs are auxotrophic: hemin, menadione, and thymidine.",
"source": "pmc",
"title": "Optimized In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Method for Small-Colony Variant Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4775967/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMC4775967"
},
{
"sentence": "The penetration of oxacillin, cefotaxime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin through the biofilms was determined by measuring the diameter of zones of growth inhibition (of S. aureus ATCC 25923, a quality control strain) on Mueller-Hinton agar plates following diffusion of each antibiotic from an overlying antibiotic disc through the biofilm to the agar medium versus the respective control assemblies.",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkq257",
"year": "2010",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2162924609"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "nutrient_broth",
"value": "Nutrient broth",
"score": 2.73,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"openalex"
],
"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "The carbon source and nitrogen source in MRS and nutrient broth medium were optimized by using molasses and soybean meal.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Medium optimization of three marine probiotics and their application in the culture of Sebastes schlegelii.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40250497/",
"year": "2025",
"id": "PMID:40250497"
},
{
"sentence": "MATERIALS AND METHODS: We monitored four different culture media including Nutrient Broth, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, Luria-Bertani broth, and RPMI 1640 medium on the planktonic growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Influence of Laboratory Culture Media on in vitro Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000494757",
"year": "2018",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2898045843"
}
],
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{
"key": "luria_bertani_lb_",
"value": "Luria-Bertani (LB)",
"score": 2.61,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"openalex"
],
"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Luria Bertani (LB) medium was used for the liquid culture steps and for the solid medium, bacterial agar was added.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of behavior, growth, and swarming formation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture medium modified with silver nanoparticles.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32926998/",
"year": "2020",
"id": "PMID:32926998"
},
{
"sentence": "MATERIALS AND METHODS: We monitored four different culture media including Nutrient Broth, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, Luria-Bertani broth, and RPMI 1640 medium on the planktonic growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Influence of Laboratory Culture Media on in vitro Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1159/000494757",
"year": "2018",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2898045843"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "cled_agar",
"value": "CLED agar",
"score": 1.86,
"sources": [
"pubmed_pheno"
],
"n_sources": 1,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Mid-stream urine samples of 1100 patients (diabetic and non-diabetic), presenting with UTI symptoms were aseptically collected and inoculated into CLED medium.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323552/",
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"score": 0.98,
"sources": [
"wikipedia"
],
"n_sources": 1,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "S. aureus appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates.",
"source": "wikipedia",
"title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
"year": "2026",
"id": "wikipedia:118212"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "c421ba4a05b",
"value": "For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.",
"score": 0.95,
"sources": [
"pubmed_pheno"
],
"n_sources": 1,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21183035/",
"year": "2011",
"id": "PMID:21183035"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "c21170f4ad1",
"value": "On solid medium, in contrast, growth of the DeltaccpA mutant resulted in smaller colonies containing a lower number of CFU per colony.",
"score": 0.85,
"sources": [
"openalex"
],
"n_sources": 1,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "On solid medium, in contrast, growth of the DeltaccpA mutant resulted in smaller colonies containing a lower number of CFU per colony.",
"source": "openalex",
"title": "Staphylococcus aureus CcpA Affects Virulence Determinant Production and Antibiotic Resistance",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.4.1183-1194.2006",
"year": "2006",
"id": "https://openalex.org/W2101610216"
}
],
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}
],
"confidence": "low",
"conflict": null,
"review": "unreviewed"
},
"gram": {
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"items": [
{
"key": "gram_positive",
"value": "Gram-positive",
"score": 55.48,
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"pubmed",
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc",
"crossref",
"openalex",
"doaj",
"preprints",
"zenodo",
"wikipedia"
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"n_sources": 9,
"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Gram-positive ESKAPE species did not regain cultivability after resuscitation.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636524/",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PMID:41636524"
},
{
"sentence": "These factors were arranged in simple two-level factorial designs using Gram-positive cocci ( Staphylococcus aureus ), Gram-positive bacilli ( Bacillus subtilis ), and Gram-negative bacilli ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, including clinical isolates with known antimicrobial resistance profiles.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37122874/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMID:37122874"
},
{
"sentence": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27071769"
},
{
"sentence": "A modified Gram stain was developed and tested as an alternative to Gram stain that improves the contrast between Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and host tissue.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27071769"
},
{
"sentence": "The modified Gram stain clearly identified both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and when compared to H&E or Gram stain alone provided excellent contrast between bacteria and non-viable burn eschar.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27071769"
},
{
"sentence": "We describe a modification of the Gram stain that provides improved contrast of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms within host tissue.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27071769"
},
{
"sentence": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus",
"source": "ncbi_taxonomy",
"title": "NCBI Taxonomy lineage",
"url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1280",
"year": "2026",
"id": "lineage"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "gram_negative",
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"sources": [
"pubmed",
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc",
"doaj"
],
"n_sources": 4,
"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces..",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636524/",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PMID:41636524"
},
{
"sentence": "Conversely, Gram-negative species reverted to the cultivable state, indicating a transition to the VBNC state in response to desiccation.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636524/",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PMID:41636524"
},
{
"sentence": "Compared to the standard methodology for biocontamination control (EN 17141:2020), the resuscitation step prior to culture yielded a significantly greater recovery of Gram-negative ESKAPE bacteria in the VBNC state from both experimentally contaminated samples and environmental surfaces.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636524/",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PMID:41636524"
},
{
"sentence": "This study demonstrates that clinically relevant Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces in the VBNC state, thereby evading conventional approaches for environmental control, resulting in substantial underestimation of the bacterial burden.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41636524/",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PMID:41636524"
},
{
"sentence": "These factors were arranged in simple two-level factorial designs using Gram-positive cocci ( Staphylococcus aureus ), Gram-positive bacilli ( Bacillus subtilis ), and Gram-negative bacilli ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, including clinical isolates with known antimicrobial resistance profiles.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37122874/",
"year": "2023",
"id": "PMID:37122874"
},
{
"sentence": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27071769/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27071769"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "acid_fast",
"value": "Acid-fast",
"score": 1.48,
"sources": [
"europepmc"
],
"n_sources": 1,
"confidence": "low",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Routine Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the pus revealed acid-fast bacilli (AFB), prompting cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) and culture which confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rapid Tuberculosis (TB) Ag MPT64 was also positive.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Recurrent breast abscess leading to an incidental diagnosis of tuberculous mastitis: a case report.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-026-06493-y",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42778951 doi:10.1186/s13256-026-06493-y"
}
],
"inferred": false
}
],
"confidence": "high",
"conflict": "Sources disagree: \"Gram-positive\" (score 55.48) versus \"Gram-negative\" (score 34.87). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.",
"review": "unreviewed"
},
"biochem": {
"label": "Biochemical tests for identification",
"multi": true,
"items": [
{
"key": "antibiotic_susceptibility_profile",
"value": "Antibiotic susceptibility profile",
"score": 28.25,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"europepmc",
"crossref",
"doaj",
"preprints",
"zenodo"
],
"n_sources": 6,
"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "In RPMI-HS about 50% of the strains were sensitive (MIC < 32) to GaN and GaM, both compounds showing a similar spectrum of activity, although GaM was more effective than GaN.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Compounds on ESKAPE Pathogens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30250828/",
"year": "2018",
"id": "PMID:30250828"
},
{
"sentence": "Finally, at the step, MIC values of 20 (47%) hVISA isolates reduced to 2 µg/mL after sub culturing for the gradient test.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571150/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:33571150"
},
{
"sentence": "Isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar, identified by colony morphology, Gram stain and standard biochemical tests, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method per CLSI guidelines.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PPR:PPR1315075 doi:10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121"
},
{
"sentence": "Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to azithromycin (61.0%), tetracycline (44.1%) and penicillin (40.7%), while gentamicin (8.5% resistance) and chloramphenicol (20.3% resistance) retained the greatest activity.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PPR:PPR1315075 doi:10.64898/2026.09.02.26362121"
},
{
"sentence": "Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the primary objective of identifying the bacteria isolated from pus samples received for culture in the microbiology laboratory from the Department of Orthopaedics, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, and determining the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among the isolated bacteria.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram of Culture-Confirmed Orthopaedic Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.107998",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42078300 doi:10.7759/cureus.107998"
},
{
"sentence": "Objectives To determine the California Mastitis Test (CMT)-based prevalence of bovine mastitis in the Jaffna district, identify causative bacterial pathogens, evaluate antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and assess farm-level risk factors associated with mastitis occurrence.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Prevalence of bovine mastitis and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in the Jaffna District, Sri Lanka.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2026.1908298",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42719782 doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1908298"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "coagulase",
"value": "Coagulase — reported negative",
"score": 25.52,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc",
"doaj",
"zenodo",
"wikipedia"
],
"n_sources": 6,
"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "We conducted a preliminary study with 100 S. aureus and 45 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) stock isolates plated on CSA.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
"year": "2000",
"id": "PMID:10747148"
},
{
"sentence": "On culture of pus grew Coagulase negative staphylococcus species.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Blastomycosis-Like Pyoderma- A Rare Case Report.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27891438/",
"year": "2016",
"id": "PMID:27891438"
},
{
"sentence": "Diabetics were twice at risk of UTI; [Odds ratio; 2.04 (CI: 1.68-2.48, p<0.05)]. .Escherichia coli and klebsiella were most common gram-negative, while Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were most common gram-positive bacteria in both the groups.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37323552/",
"year": "2022",
"id": "PMID:37323552"
},
{
"sentence": "With the exception of \"any organism\" and coagulase-negative staphylococci, all Sp estimates were over 94% in the daily data and over 97% in the weekly data, suggesting that for most species, definition A may be acceptable.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21183035/",
"year": "2011",
"id": "PMID:21183035"
},
{
"sentence": "For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21183035/",
"year": "2011",
"id": "PMID:21183035"
},
{
"sentence": "Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356722/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:34356722"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "catalase",
"value": "Catalase",
"score": 10.42,
"sources": [
"pubmed",
"europepmc",
"zenodo",
"wikipedia"
],
"n_sources": 4,
"confidence": "high",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
"year": "2000",
"id": "PMID:10747148"
},
{
"sentence": "Among the 310 S. aureus isolates recovered by at least one of the two methods, 296 grew as typical mauve colonies on CSA, while only 254 yielded catalase-positive, latex-positive colonies on HBA.",
"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747148/",
"year": "2000",
"id": "PMID:10747148"
},
{
"sentence": "Clinical specimens that yielded MRSA isolates were cultured on standard media and identified using standard phenotypic methods (Gram stain, catalase, coagulase, and DNase tests).",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "In Vitro Assessment of Ceftaroline Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.001306.v1",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PPR:PPR1297961 doi:10.1099/acmi.0.001306.v1"
},
{
"sentence": "Background Ignavigranum ruoffiae is a rare catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive coccus.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Ignavigranum ruoffiae isolated from a scrotal abscess: a case report and literature review.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-13622-x",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42174459 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13622-x"
},
{
"sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
"source": "zenodo",
"title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
"url": "https://zenodo.org/records/8401427",
"year": "2018",
"id": "zenodo:8401427"
},
{
"sentence": "It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow without oxygen.",
"source": "wikipedia",
"title": "Staphylococcus aureus",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus",
"year": "2026",
"id": "wikipedia:118212"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "vitek_2",
"value": "VITEK 2",
"score": 8.28,
"sources": [
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc",
"doaj",
"preprints"
],
"n_sources": 4,
"confidence": "moderate",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "The typical colonies were identified to species level using biochemical methods, namely the VITEK ® 2 ID-GP64 identification card (bioMerieux, France).",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356722/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:34356722"
},
{
"sentence": "The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed using the VITEK ® 2 AST GP Gram-positive specific bacteria card (bioMerieux, France).",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356722/",
"year": "2021",
"id": "PMID:34356722"
},
{
"sentence": "Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 system, and colonization patterns were analyzed using exact statistical methods.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Multisite Colonization Ecology of Multidrug-Resistant and Commensal Bacteria Among Cardiovascular Outpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study from Cairo, Egypt.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15090823",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42791973 doi:10.3390/antibiotics15090823"
},
{
"sentence": "Bacterial isolates were presumptively identified using standard biochemical tests and further identified to the species level using the VITEK 2 Compact system.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.113548",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42666430 doi:10.7759/cureus.113548"
},
{
"sentence": "Basic bacteriological culturing methods were used for culturing of bacterial isolates on selective media while the Vitek 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) was used for bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test.",
"source": "doaj",
"title": "An Investigation of Potential Health Risks from Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Farm Rats",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220942240",
"year": "2020",
"id": "000c06dc828f4c0db2b2ccfbff62358e"
},
{
"sentence": "Standard microbiological methods and VITEK analysis were used for bacterial isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA according to the 2024 EUCAST guidelines.",
"source": "preprints",
"title": "Isolation and Evaluation of a Lytic Staphylophage With Activity Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus from Postsurgical Wound Infections in Surgical Wards at Mzuzu Central Hospital, Malawi",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.09.21.26354812",
"year": "2026",
"id": "PPR:PPR1326247"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "maldi_tof_ms",
"value": "MALDI-TOF MS",
"score": 7.46,
"sources": [
"pubmed_pheno",
"europepmc"
],
"n_sources": 2,
"confidence": "moderate",
"evidence": [
{
"sentence": "Samples were comparatively analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after preparation with the Sepsityper kit and also by standard bacteriology (culturing and biochemical characterisation).",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Acceleration of the identification of sepsis-inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31313312/",
"year": "2020",
"id": "PMID:31313312"
},
{
"sentence": "Bacterial species identified from agar plates and by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture bottles were identical for all samples.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Acceleration of the identification of sepsis-inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31313312/",
"year": "2020",
"id": "PMID:31313312"
},
{
"sentence": "Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 system, and colonization patterns were analyzed using exact statistical methods.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Multisite Colonization Ecology of Multidrug-Resistant and Commensal Bacteria Among Cardiovascular Outpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study from Cairo, Egypt.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15090823",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42791973 doi:10.3390/antibiotics15090823"
},
{
"sentence": "Initial synovial fluid cultures were negative; however, enrichment using aerobic blood culture bottles, followed by subculture, yielded C. propinquum identified by MALDI-TOF MS.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Septic arthritis due to <i>Corynebacterium propinquum</i>: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/asmcr.00138-25",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:41853106 doi:10.1128/asmcr.00138-25"
},
{
"sentence": "Pus culture grew L. adecarboxylata , which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, while blood culture remained negative.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Leclercia adecarboxylata cellulitis in a neutropenic Thai child with acute myeloid leukemia.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2026.e02688",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42502850 doi:10.1016/j.idcr.2026.e02688"
},
{
"sentence": "The isolate was identified as I. ruoffiae by MALDI-TOF MS using a Bruker microflex LT/SH system with Biotyper software version 4.1.100 and database Revision H2022, which had been locally expanded in the laboratory; the identification score was 2.40.",
"source": "europepmc",
"title": "Ignavigranum ruoffiae isolated from a scrotal abscess: a case report and literature review.",
"url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-13622-x",
"year": "2026",
"id": "MED:42174459 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-13622-x"
}
],
"inferred": false
},
{
"key": "16s_rrna_gene_sequencing",
"value": "16S rRNA gene sequencing",
"score": 5.2,
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"sentence": "For genotypic identification, strains 16S rRNA gene sequences were used.",
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"sentence": "These strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the phylogenetic tree obtained by neighbor-joining method allowed grouping of these strains into three subgroups.",
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"title": "Technological properties of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage).",
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{
"sentence": "Identification of the bacteria (Enterococcus durans) was carried out on the basis of its morphological, biochemical characteristics and carbohydrate fermentation profile and by API50CH kit and 16S rDNA analyses.",
"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Purification and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian airag.",
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"sentence": "Basic Protocol 1: Gathering rodent samples for pathogen screening Basic Protocol 2: Inoculation and screening of bacterial cultures from rodent samples Support Protocol 1: Identification of bacteria using differential media Basic Protocol 3: Identification of Helicobacter by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene Basic Protocol 4: Pinworm screening by microscopy Support Protocol 2: Confirmation and specification of parasites (pinworms and mites) by PCR Basic Protocol 5: Mite screeni",
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"title": "Application of Microbial and Parasitology Techniques for Diagnosis in Laboratory Rodents.",
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"source": "pubmed_pheno",
"title": "Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34356722/",
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"id": "PMID:34356722"
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{
"sentence": "At the same time, 5812-A/C has no hemolytic activity toward erythrocyte, but possessed weak cytotoxic activity represented by heterochromatin condensation in human buccal epithelium cells.",
"source": "doaj",
"title": "A Novel Peptide Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces roseoflavus Strain INA-Ac-5812 With Directed Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria",
"url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2020.556063/full",
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"sentence": "Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 degC for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .",
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"title": "Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana",
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"source": "pubmed",
"title": "Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation.",
"url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734646/",
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"id": "PMID:34356722"
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"sentence": "Exchange of DNA between the same lineage is not blocked, since they have the same enzymes, and the RM system does not recognize the new DNA as foreign, but transfer between different lineages is blocked. == Microbiology == Staphylococcus aureus (, Greek σταφυλόκοκκος 'grape-cluster berry', Latin aureus, 'golden') is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive coccal (round) bacterium also known as \"golden staph\" and \"oro staphira\".",
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"title": "Optimization of Culture Medium Ingredients and Culture Conditions for Bacteriocin Production in Lactococcus lactis NCU036019.",
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"key": "preprints",
"label": "bioRxiv / medRxiv — preprints",
"status": "hit",
"note": "12 preprints (not peer reviewed — weighted down).",
"records": 12,
"evidence": 5,
"ms": 9
},
{
"key": "zenodo",
"label": "Zenodo — datasets and protocols",
"status": "hit",
"note": "15 deposits (datasets, theses, protocols).",
"records": 15,
"evidence": 33,
"ms": 12
},
{
"key": "wikipedia",
"label": "Wikipedia — orientation only",
"status": "hit",
"note": "Article retrieved (lowest weight).",
"records": 1,
"evidence": 27,
"ms": 12
},
{
"key": "atcc",
"label": "ATCC — deep link",
"status": "empty",
"note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
"records": 0,
"evidence": 0,
"ms": 0
},
{
"key": "nctc",
"label": "NCTC / UKHSA — deep link",
"status": "empty",
"note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
"records": 0,
"evidence": 0,
"ms": 0
},
{
"key": "google_scholar",
"label": "Google Scholar — deep link (not crawled)",
"status": "empty",
"note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
"records": 0,
"evidence": 0,
"ms": 0
},
{
"key": "protocols",
"label": "protocols.io — deep link",
"status": "empty",
"note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
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"ms": 0
},
{
"key": "researchgate",
"label": "ResearchGate — deep link",
"status": "empty",
"note": "Deep link prepared — open manually.",
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"evidence": 0,
"ms": 0
}
]
}