{ "organism": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "built_at": "2026-09-02T14:41:01+05:30", "review_status": "unreviewed", "generator": "CultureScope 1.0.0", "disclaimer": "Aggregated from published literature. Unreviewed. Not a substitute for a validated SOP or an accredited reference laboratory.", "taxonomy": { "taxon": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "lineage": "cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus", "rank": "species", "taxid": "1311", "taxonomy_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1311", "gram_prior": { "value": "Gram-positive", "basis": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage" }, "accepted": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "gbif_status": "ACCEPTED", "gbif_name": "Streptococcus agalactiae Lehmann & Neumann, 1896" }, "fields": { "media": { "label": "Media used", "multi": true, "items": [ { "key": "blood_agar", "value": "Blood agar", "score": 16.24, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "openalex", "openaire", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "We aimed to compare BD group B Streptococcus differential agar (GBSDA) with inoculation into LIM broth and subculture onto blood agar plates (LIM-BA) as a method for GBS screening in pregnant women.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "The chromogenic medium chromID Strepto B agar (STRB) was evaluated for its reliability in screening GBS from the vaginal/rectal swabs; results were compared to those of blood agar plates (BAP).", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220051/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:25220051" }, { "sentence": "Isolation of the bacterium was done using different culture media (Nutrient broth, Plate count agar, Tryptic Soy Agar, and Blood agar), and identification by using various biochemical tests (conventional and using API 20 Strep kit) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against 16S rRNA gene of S. agalactiae .", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "Streptococcus agalactiae can produce CAMP factor, which can promote the β-hemolysin activity of Staphylococcus aureus , forming an arrow-shaped hemolysis enhancement zone at the intersection of the two bacterial species on a blood agar plate.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "Vaginal/rectal swabs, collected from women at 35-37 weeks of pregnancy, were first inoculated into a selective enrichment broth media, then subcultured onto GBS chromogenic agar and 5% sheep blood agar sequentially.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "All grew well on blood agar and on GC medium, but variant 1.1 failed to grow on Todd-Hewitt medium.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "todd_hewitt_broth", "value": "Todd-Hewitt broth", "score": 13.98, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 6, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Samples were analysed in parallel in six study arms using (i) colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar, (ii) chromogenic S. agalactiae selective agar, (iii) CNA agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (iv) chromogenic agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (v) CNA agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth and (vi) chromogenic agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528798/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41528798" }, { "sentence": "Each study arm had a specificity of 100%, while the sensitivity varied between 81% (CNA agar alone, study arm i) and 98% (Todd-Hewitt broth for enrichment followed by subculture on chromogenic agar, study arm vi).", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528798/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41528798" }, { "sentence": "Enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth followed by subculture on chromogenic agar had the highest sensitivity (98%, specificity: 100%) for the detection of S. agalactiae in pregnant women.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528798/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41528798" }, { "sentence": "Enterococcus spp. and phages were cultured in tryptic soy broth or agar (TSA), and S. agalactiae was cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB), unless stated otherwise.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "Culture of organisms in standard Todd-Hewitt broth resulted in acid accumulation during the exponential phase of growth and poor yield of type III polysaccharide when extracted from cells by washing with neutral buffer solution.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Microcapsule of type III strains of group B Streptococcus: production and morphology.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC420594/", "year": "1976", "id": "PMC420594" }, { "sentence": "All grew well on blood agar and on GC medium, but variant 1.1 failed to grow on Todd-Hewitt medium.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "lim_broth", "value": "Lim broth", "score": 12.75, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "openalex" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "We aimed to compare BD group B Streptococcus differential agar (GBSDA) with inoculation into LIM broth and subculture onto blood agar plates (LIM-BA) as a method for GBS screening in pregnant women.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Finally, we compared GBSDA, LIM broth with direct GBS antigen detection (LIM-AG) and LIM-BA as methods for GBS screening in pregnant women.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "In contrast, GBS was not detected in a mixed culture from LIM broth with initial inocula of up to 100 cfu.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Alternatively, the pigmented enrichment Lim broth (modified Lim broth; Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial, Tokyo, Japan) was used as an S. agalactiae enrichment broth.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "We also evaluated the effectiveness of phage treatment in the experimental enrichment model using the commercially available pigmented enrichment Lim broth (modified Lim broth) ( Figure S2 ).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "The same experiment was performed using the modified Lim broth and several S. agalactiae - E. faecalis combinations ( Figure S4 ).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "tryptic_soy_agar_tsa_", "value": "Tryptic soy agar (TSA)", "score": 12.27, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "crossref" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Isolation of the bacterium was done using different culture media (Nutrient broth, Plate count agar, Tryptic Soy Agar, and Blood agar), and identification by using various biochemical tests (conventional and using API 20 Strep kit) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against 16S rRNA gene of S. agalactiae .", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "Enterococcus spp. and phages were cultured in tryptic soy broth or agar (TSA), and S. agalactiae was cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB), unless stated otherwise.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "Analysis of Bacterial Densities in S. agalactiae and E. faecalis Coculture with Phage Mixtures A rifampicin-resistant mutant clone of S. agalactiae was isolated by aerobically culturing S. agalactiae strain KUGBS2 on TSA containing 20 μg/mL rifampicin at 37 degC for two days.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "TSA supplemented with 20 μg/mL rifampicin and Enterococcus -selective agar (EF agar base “Nissui”; Nissui Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan) were used to determine the densities of S. agalactiae strain KUGBS2rif and E. faecalis strain KUEF08, respectively.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "S. agalactiae strain KUGBS2rif did not grow on the Enterococcus -selective agar; E. faecalis strain KUEF08 did not grow on TSA containing 20 μg/mL rifampicin.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "Inhibition action of Rhizophora sp. leaf extract towards Streptococcus agalactiae and Edwardsiella tarda was tested on TSA solid media.", "source": "crossref", "title": "Ekstrak Daun Rhizophora sp. Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae dan Edwarsiella tarda (RHIZOPHORA SP. LEAF EXTRACT INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF Streptococcus agalactiae AND Edwarsiella tarda)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.604", "year": "2018", "id": "doi:10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.604" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "tryptic_soy_broth_tsb_", "value": "Tryptic soy broth (TSB)", "score": 7.59, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "doaj", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 4, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Among others, simulated vaginal fluid has been used; however, biofilm production in this medium has been found to be lower than that in tryptic soy broth.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578244/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:34578244" }, { "sentence": "Enterococcus spp. and phages were cultured in tryptic soy broth or agar (TSA), and S. agalactiae was cultured in Todd-Hewitt broth (THB), unless stated otherwise.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "Time-killing kinetic curves showed that CHAP k fastly killed S. agalactiae in TSB medium and in milk within 25 min (by 3.3 log 10 CFU/mL and 2.4 log 10 CFU/mL, respectively).", "source": "doaj", "title": "Recombinant of the Staphylococcal Bacteriophage Lysin CHAP k and Its Elimination against Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilms", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/2/216", "year": "2020", "id": "01067030cc5f4908b74df3b753b78d65" }, { "sentence": "Among others, simulated vaginal fluid has been used; however, biofilm production in this medium has been found to be lower than that in tryptic soy broth.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilm Culture in a Continuous Flow System for Photoinactivation Studies", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" }, { "sentence": "Among others, simulated vaginal fluid has been used; however, biofilm production in this medium has been found to be lower than that in tryptic soy broth.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Optimization of Streptococcus agalactiae biofilm culture in a continuous flow system for photoinactivation studies", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2021", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "brain_heart_infusion_bhi_", "value": "Brain heart infusion (BHI)", "score": 6.95, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "openaire" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The results showed that the abilities of growth and biofilm formation of Δ SaeRS strain were significantly decreased when cultured in a brain heart infusion (BHI) medium ( P < 0.01).", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Characterization and virulence of Streptococcus agalactiae deficient in SaeRS of the two-component system.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37138609/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37138609" }, { "sentence": "It wasfound that after tested on 15 fish weighing 15 g through intraperitoneal injection 0,1 ml/fish, both bacteria causedchanges in swimming pattern, palatability, external and internal anatomy macroscopically and microscopically.Extracellular products of S. agalactiae non-haemolytic type (BHIA and BHI 24 h) and β-haemolytic type (BHI 72 h)caused mortality 12 hours after injection and the mortality continued till day 7 th of culture.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Toksisitas Produk Ekstrasellular (ECP) Streptococcus agalactiae pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2012", "id": "openaire" }, { "sentence": "Whirling happened 96hours after injection with ECP S. agalactiae β-haemolytic type (BHIA 72 h incubation) whereas injection with ECP(BHI 24 h) on 72 h after injection and continued untill day 7 th.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Toksisitas Produk Ekstrasellular (ECP) Streptococcus agalactiae pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2012", "id": "openaire" }, { "sentence": "The 69.6 kDa was absent from the BHI ECP.Total protein on non-haemolytic S. agalactiae ECP are 28.18 ppm on BHIA medium and 13.64 ppm on BHI medium.Whereas β-haemolytic S. agalactiae ECP are 2.73 ppm on BHIA medium and 8.18 ppm on BHI medium.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Toksisitas Produk Ekstrasellular (ECP) Streptococcus agalactiae pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus)", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2012", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "columbia_cna_agar", "value": "Columbia CNA agar", "score": 3.69, "sources": [ "pubmed", "openalex" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Samples were analysed in parallel in six study arms using (i) colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar, (ii) chromogenic S. agalactiae selective agar, (iii) CNA agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (iv) chromogenic agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (v) CNA agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth and (vi) chromogenic agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528798/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41528798" }, { "sentence": "Plating onto Columbia CNA agar (CNA), group B streptococcus differential agar (GBSDA) (Granada Medium) and chromID Strepto B agar (CA), with and without Lim broth enrichment, were compared.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-285", "year": "2010", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2141911771" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "granada_medium", "value": "Granada medium", "score": 2.89, "sources": [ "pubmed", "openalex", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "New Granada Medium for detection and identification of group B streptococci..", "source": "pubmed", "title": "New Granada Medium for detection and identification of group B streptococci.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1572958/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMID:1572958" }, { "sentence": "Plating onto Columbia CNA agar (CNA), group B streptococcus differential agar (GBSDA) (Granada Medium) and chromID Strepto B agar (CA), with and without Lim broth enrichment, were compared.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-285", "year": "2010", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2141911771" }, { "sentence": "Hemolytic GBS strains produce an orange-brick-red non-isoprenoid polyene (ornithine rhamnolipid) pigment (granadaene) when cultivated on granada medium that allows its straightforward identification.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:2842834" }, { "sentence": "After incubation, the enrichment broth can also be subcultured to granada medium agar where GBS grows as pink-red colonies or to chromogenic agars, where GBS grows as colored colonies.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:2842834" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "nutrient_broth", "value": "Nutrient broth", "score": 2.07, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Isolation of the bacterium was done using different culture media (Nutrient broth, Plate count agar, Tryptic Soy Agar, and Blood agar), and identification by using various biochemical tests (conventional and using API 20 Strep kit) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against 16S rRNA gene of S. agalactiae .", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "thioglycollate_broth", "value": "Thioglycollate broth", "score": 2.07, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Samples were analysed in parallel in six study arms using (i) colistin nalidixic acid (CNA) agar, (ii) chromogenic S. agalactiae selective agar, (iii) CNA agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (iv) chromogenic agar after enrichment in thioglycolate broth, (v) CNA agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth and (vi) chromogenic agar after enrichment in Todd-Hewitt broth.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in pregnant women: which culture-based detection method is best?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528798/", "year": "2026", "id": "PMID:41528798" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "chromogenic_uti_orientation", "value": "Chromogenic UTI / Orientation", "score": 0.78, "sources": [ "zenodo" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The samples were cultured on 5% sheep blood and Chromagar Orientation.", "source": "zenodo", "title": "The first Prenatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening in Late Pregnancy in Algerian population (Northeast Algeria)", "url": "https://zenodo.org/records/10074632", "year": "2021", "id": "zenodo:10074632" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "temperature": { "label": "Optimum temperature for growth", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "p20", "value": "20 °C", "score": 3.11, "sources": [ "openaire" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggested that the enrichment culture time was 24 hours, the transport media stable best time is 2 days stored at 20 degC~25 degC or 4 days stored at 2 degC~8 degC, and the best incubation time is 48 hours for streptococcus agalactiae clinical testing in pregnant women.", "source": "openaire", "title": "To Evaluate Impact on Detection Rate of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p25", "value": "25 °C", "score": 3.11, "sources": [ "openaire" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggested that the enrichment culture time was 24 hours, the transport media stable best time is 2 days stored at 20 degC~25 degC or 4 days stored at 2 degC~8 degC, and the best incubation time is 48 hours for streptococcus agalactiae clinical testing in pregnant women.", "source": "openaire", "title": "To Evaluate Impact on Detection Rate of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p2", "value": "2 °C", "score": 3.11, "sources": [ "openaire" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggested that the enrichment culture time was 24 hours, the transport media stable best time is 2 days stored at 20 degC~25 degC or 4 days stored at 2 degC~8 degC, and the best incubation time is 48 hours for streptococcus agalactiae clinical testing in pregnant women.", "source": "openaire", "title": "To Evaluate Impact on Detection Rate of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p8", "value": "8 °C", "score": 3.11, "sources": [ "openaire" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Conclusions: In conclusion, the results suggested that the enrichment culture time was 24 hours, the transport media stable best time is 2 days stored at 20 degC~25 degC or 4 days stored at 2 degC~8 degC, and the best incubation time is 48 hours for streptococcus agalactiae clinical testing in pregnant women.", "source": "openaire", "title": "To Evaluate Impact on Detection Rate of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "p37", "value": "37 °C", "score": 1.2, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Analysis of Bacterial Densities in S. agalactiae and E. faecalis Coculture with Phage Mixtures A rifampicin-resistant mutant clone of S. agalactiae was isolated by aerobically culturing S. agalactiae strain KUGBS2 on TSA containing 20 μg/mL rifampicin at 37 degC for two days.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "low", "conflict": "Sources disagree: \"20 °C\" (score 3.11) versus \"25 °C\" (score 3.11). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.", "review": "unreviewed" }, "time": { "label": "Time required to grow", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "hrs_0_168", "value": "0-7 d", "score": 50.36, "sources": [ "wikipedia", "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "EOD manifests within 0 to 7 days in the newborn, with most cases apparent within 24 h of birth.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:2842834" }, { "sentence": "The mixtures were microaerobically incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In the negative control group (i.e., no phage treatment), E. faecalis densities were significantly higher than S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 A).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In contrast, in the phage treatment groups at MOIs of 10 -1 and 10 -3 of each phage, the cell density of E. faecalis was significantly lower than that of S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h in the phage treatment groups ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 B,C).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "After 24 h (for SmartColor 2) and 24 to 48 hours (for blood agar) of incubation at 37 degC, the plates were inspected and all microbiological colonies grown in SmartColor 2 and in blood agar were submitted to species identification using MALDI-TOF MS.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Empiric antibiotics were discontinued within 24 h in 14 of 40 patients (35%) positive for viral meningitis.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Clinical utility of a cerebrospinal fluid multiplex PCR meningitis/encephalitis panel in children: a retrospective review of positive results.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:41787310 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_24_144", "value": "1-6 d", "score": 44.05, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "wikipedia", "pubmed_pheno" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The isolated GBS was found highly virulent and showed 80%-90% mortality for Tilapia and V. Koi fishes in experimental infection within 1-6 days of post-infection.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "The mixtures were microaerobically incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In the negative control group (i.e., no phage treatment), E. faecalis densities were significantly higher than S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 A).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In contrast, in the phage treatment groups at MOIs of 10 -1 and 10 -3 of each phage, the cell density of E. faecalis was significantly lower than that of S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h in the phage treatment groups ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 B,C).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "After 24 h (for SmartColor 2) and 24 to 48 hours (for blood agar) of incubation at 37 degC, the plates were inspected and all microbiological colonies grown in SmartColor 2 and in blood agar were submitted to species identification using MALDI-TOF MS.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Empiric antibiotics were discontinued within 24 h in 14 of 40 patients (35%) positive for viral meningitis.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Clinical utility of a cerebrospinal fluid multiplex PCR meningitis/encephalitis panel in children: a retrospective review of positive results.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:41787310 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_24_48", "value": "24-48 h", "score": 31.74, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "wikipedia", "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "It is safer to choose regimens with broad coverage, as they can usually be modified within 24-48 hours, when antibiotic sensitivities of the infecting organism become available.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "[Meningitis (II)--acute bacterial meningitis].", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10596276/", "year": "1999", "id": "PMID:10596276" }, { "sentence": "After 24 h (for SmartColor 2) and 24 to 48 hours (for blood agar) of incubation at 37 degC, the plates were inspected and all microbiological colonies grown in SmartColor 2 and in blood agar were submitted to species identification using MALDI-TOF MS.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "The mixtures were microaerobically incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In the negative control group (i.e., no phage treatment), E. faecalis densities were significantly higher than S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 A).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In contrast, in the phage treatment groups at MOIs of 10 -1 and 10 -3 of each phage, the cell density of E. faecalis was significantly lower than that of S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h in the phage treatment groups ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 B,C).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "After 24 h (for SmartColor 2) and 24 to 48 hours (for blood agar) of incubation at 37 degC, the plates were inspected and all microbiological colonies grown in SmartColor 2 and in blood agar were submitted to species identification using MALDI-TOF MS.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_12_24", "value": "12-24 h", "score": 20.5, "sources": [ "pmc", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "wikipedia", "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 6, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Hence, incubation for 12-24 h was sufficient to achieve bacterial enrichment in that particular experimental setting.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "The mixtures were microaerobically incubated at 37 degC for 24 h.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In the negative control group (i.e., no phage treatment), E. faecalis densities were significantly higher than S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 A).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "In contrast, in the phage treatment groups at MOIs of 10 -1 and 10 -3 of each phage, the cell density of E. faecalis was significantly lower than that of S. agalactiae at incubation for 6, 12, and 24 h in the phage treatment groups ( p < 0.01) ( Figure 2 B,C).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948" }, { "sentence": "After 24 h (for SmartColor 2) and 24 to 48 hours (for blood agar) of incubation at 37 degC, the plates were inspected and all microbiological colonies grown in SmartColor 2 and in blood agar were submitted to species identification using MALDI-TOF MS.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Empiric antibiotics were discontinued within 24 h in 14 of 40 patients (35%) positive for viral meningitis.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Clinical utility of a cerebrospinal fluid multiplex PCR meningitis/encephalitis panel in children: a retrospective review of positive results.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:41787310 doi:10.1186/s12879-026-12996-2" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "hrs_5880_6216", "value": "35-37 wk", "score": 0.98, "sources": [ "pubmed", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "We obtained 133 vaginal-rectal swabs from pregnant women at 35-37 weeks of gestation from 8 private clinics and 2 local municipal hospitals within Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Enrichment culture evaluation and characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women in Japan.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38985141/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38985141" }, { "sentence": "The culture-based screening approach identifies candidates to receive IAP using lower vaginal and rectal cultures obtained between 36 and 37 weeks' gestation (32-34 weeks of gestation for women with twins) and IAP is administered to all GBS colonized women.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:2842834" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": "Sources disagree: \"0-7 d\" (score 50.36) versus \"1-6 d\" (score 44.05). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.", "review": "unreviewed" }, "colony": { "label": "Colony morphology", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "c2bc344fa23", "value": "In cases where suspicious colonies with beta-hemolysis were observed, bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Bruker).", "score": 1.09, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "In cases where suspicious colonies with beta-hemolysis were observed, bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Bruker).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Prospective study of vaginal samples for the detection of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> and <i>G. swidsinskii/leopoldii</i> using Gardnerella agar in CO<sub>2</sub> and anaerobic atmospheres.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03668-25", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42089608 doi:10.1128/spectrum.03668-25" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "c61f80dc48c", "value": "Under anaerobic conditions, colonies were larger, hemolysis was more pronounced, and overall sensitivity was higher.", "score": 1.09, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Under anaerobic conditions, colonies were larger, hemolysis was more pronounced, and overall sensitivity was higher.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Prospective study of vaginal samples for the detection of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> and <i>G. swidsinskii/leopoldii</i> using Gardnerella agar in CO<sub>2</sub> and anaerobic atmospheres.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03668-25", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42089608 doi:10.1128/spectrum.03668-25" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "ce5fbe5d219", "value": "Transparent colonies predominate in the parent GBS, with occasional colonies having opaque portions.", "score": 0.76, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Transparent colonies predominate in the parent GBS, with occasional colonies having opaque portions.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "cd2c620e416", "value": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that colony opacity correlated with bacterial aggregation status, with opaque variants forming longer and more organized chains.", "score": 0.76, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that colony opacity correlated with bacterial aggregation status, with opaque variants forming longer and more organized chains.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "c916544bdb4", "value": "(iii) Transparent variant colonies growing closest to a penicillin disk were opaque, but colonial variants did not differ in their sensitivity to penicillin.", "score": 0.76, "sources": [ "pmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "(iii) Transparent variant colonies growing closest to a penicillin disk were opaque, but colonial variants did not differ in their sensitivity to penicillin.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "low", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "gram": { "label": "Gram character", "multi": false, "items": [ { "key": "gram_positive", "value": "Gram-positive (coccus)", "score": 45.49, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "crossref", "openalex", "doaj", "openaire", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 10, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Isolated bacteria were found Gram-positive paired and chained cocci, β-hemolytic and non-motile.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "GBS-Group B streptococcus or Streptococcus agalactiae is a Gram-positive coccus found in 20% of healthy women as part of normal gastrointestinal and genital tract flora.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32011312/", "year": "2019", "id": "PMID:32011312" }, { "sentence": "Gram-positive bacteria encoding T7SSb have been shown to engage in competition through the export of LXG-motif-containing toxins, but these have not been characterized in group B Streptococcus (GBS), an opportunistic colonizer of the polymicrobial female genital tract.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "A group B streptococcal type VII-secreted LXG toxin mediates interbacterial competition and colonization of the murine female genital tract.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39189749/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:39189749" }, { "sentence": "GBS or streptococcus agalacticae is a gram-positive cocci, beta-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic, which is a harmless inhabitant of the normal human microflora.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33658429/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33658429" }, { "sentence": "Using a gram-positive expression system, we have overexpressed two of these proteins in an in vitro system.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification of major outer surface proteins of Streptococcus agalactiae.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11854208/", "year": "2002", "id": "PMID:11854208" }, { "sentence": "Among the groups of pathogens that can be identified by Smartcolor2, Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeast, Prototheca spp., other Gram-negative and other Gram-positive microorganism had a low frequency of isolation (n 0.96 for all the groups of pathogens evaluated (Table 1 ).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Streptococcaceae; Streptococcus", "source": "ncbi_taxonomy", "title": "NCBI Taxonomy lineage", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=1311", "year": "2026", "id": "lineage" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "gram_negative", "value": "Gram-negative", "score": 9.71, "sources": [ "pmc", "europepmc", "crossref", "openalex", "doaj" ], "n_sources": 5, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Among the groups of pathogens that can be identified by Smartcolor2, Lactococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., yeast, Prototheca spp., other Gram-negative and other Gram-positive microorganism had a low frequency of isolation (n 0.96 for all the groups of pathogens evaluated (Table 1 ).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Chromogenic culture media interpretation The Smartcolor 2 triplate, whose images were used in the study, comprises of a triplate Petri dish composed of three different selective chromogenic culture media: Section 1: Streptococcus spp.; Section 2: Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus spp. and Section 3: gram-negative bacteria.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Section 2-Gram-negative: (a) purple = E. coli ; (b) metallic blue = Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., or Serratia spp.; (c) yellow = Pseudomonas spp.; (d) white and dry = yeast and Prototheca spp., and (e) other colors = Gram-negative microorganism other than E. coli; Klebsiella spp.; Enterobacter spp.; Serratia spp. or Pseudomonas spp. (other Gram-negative microorganism).", "source": "pmc", "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835" }, { "sentence": "Of the samples, 72% (179/247) were monomicrobial and 28% (68/247) were polymicrobial, with a total of 16 off-panel microorganisms identified across both groups. blaCTX-M was the most frequent Gram-negative resistance gene detected (55.2%, 80/145), while blaVIM was the least common (0.7%, 1/145).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) for Bloodstream Infections in Limpopo, South Africa.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s575283", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42273392 doi:10.2147/idr.s575283" }, { "sentence": "In conclusion, Rhizophora sp. leaf extract had more bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae) rather than the Gram-negative bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda).", "source": "crossref", "title": "Ekstrak Daun Rhizophora sp. Menghambat Pertumbuhan Bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae dan Edwarsiella tarda (RHIZOPHORA SP. LEAF EXTRACT INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF Streptococcus agalactiae AND Edwarsiella tarda)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.604", "year": "2018", "id": "doi:10.19087/jveteriner.2017.18.4.604" }, { "sentence": "Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (GS), distinct enzymes that together account for glutathione (GSH) synthesis, have been isolated and characterized from several Gram-negative prokaryotes and from numerous eukaryotes including mammals, amphibians, plants, yeast, and protozoa.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Glutathione Synthesis in Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m414326200", "year": "2005", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2012717668" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" }, "biochem": { "label": "Biochemical tests for identification", "multi": true, "items": [ { "key": "maldi_tof_ms", "value": "MALDI-TOF MS", "score": 22.54, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "crossref", "openaire", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 8, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar..", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220051/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:25220051" }, { "sentence": "Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS could reliably differentiate the putative GBS isolates on STRB.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220051/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:25220051" }, { "sentence": "This study demonstrated that STRB combined with MALDI-TOF MS is a fast, sensitive, and accurate method for the identification of GBS-colonized pregnant women.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220051/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:25220051" }, { "sentence": "After bacterial isolation from the brain and kidney of diseased fish, identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the VITEK 2 system.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Characterization of Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus agalactiae in cultured red tilapia Oreochromis sp. in Thailand.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38632692/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38632692" }, { "sentence": "The VITEK-2 automatic identification system and MALDI-TOF MS were initially employed for identification, followed by the CAMP test.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "The availability of technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), molecular techniques, and chromogenic culture media, including Granada-type media, have changed the scenario for GBS detection and identification.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28659318/", "year": "2017", "id": "PMID:28659318" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "camp_test", "value": "CAMP test", "score": 17.6, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "openalex", "openaire", "preprints", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 5, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Streptococcus agalactiae can produce CAMP factor, which can promote the β-hemolysin activity of Staphylococcus aureus , forming an arrow-shaped hemolysis enhancement zone at the intersection of the two bacterial species on a blood agar plate.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "This characteristic feature of Streptococcus agalactiae has led to the widespread use of the CAMP test as an identification method.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "The VITEK-2 automatic identification system and MALDI-TOF MS were initially employed for identification, followed by the CAMP test.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "This study found that 7.9% of GBS strains isolated from the vagina/rectum of pregnant women were CAMP-negative, suggesting that the CAMP test method or primers targeting the cfb gene should not be used as the sole presumptive test for GBS identification.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "The isolates were confirmed as S. agalactiae using the CAMP test on blood agar and by molecular identification with tDNA-PCR or by 16S rRNA gene sequence determination.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-285", "year": "2010", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2141911771" }, { "sentence": "Urine was inoculated on UriSelect 4 Medium chromogenic medium with subsequent identification of S. agalactiae using a strepto-latex test or a CAMP test with a Staphylococcus aureus culture.", "source": "openaire", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae in asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "capsule_quellung", "value": "Capsule / quellung", "score": 13.42, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "pmc", "europepmc", "doaj", "openaire", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 7, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Capsular typing and genetic characterization of nonsusceptible isolates were assessed by latex agglutination, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae Invasive Isolates Recovered in Argentina.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30676886/", "year": "2019", "id": "PMID:30676886" }, { "sentence": "Capsular Typing and Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in Iran..", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Capsular Typing and Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae Strains Isolated From Bovine Mastitis in Iran.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40110713/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMID:40110713" }, { "sentence": "Bacterial isolates (n = 116) were obtained from pregnant women and submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, investigation of macrolide resistance phenotypes and genotypes, and identification of capsular type.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Macrolide resistance among Streptococcus agalactiae during COVID-19 public health emergency in Brazil.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687418/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38687418" }, { "sentence": "Identification and molecular characterization of a S. agalactiae strain lacking the capsular locus..", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification and molecular characterization of a S. agalactiae strain lacking the capsular locus.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21614482/", "year": "2012", "id": "PMID:21614482" }, { "sentence": "Further molecular characterization demonstrated that the strain lacked the entire capsular locus, possibly by a recombination event that excised a 14,1 Kbase pairs genomic fragment extending from the regulatory protein cpsX gene to the neuA gene.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Identification and molecular characterization of a S. agalactiae strain lacking the capsular locus.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21614482/", "year": "2012", "id": "PMID:21614482" }, { "sentence": "Diminished capsular polysaccharide of variant 1.1 was reflected in reduced negative electrophoretic mobility and in increased buoyant density.", "source": "pmc", "title": "Group B streptococcal opacity variants.", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC206064/", "year": "1992", "id": "PMC206064" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "16s_rrna_gene_sequencing", "value": "16S rRNA gene sequencing", "score": 13.1, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "crossref", "openalex", "doaj" ], "n_sources": 6, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Isolation of the bacterium was done using different culture media (Nutrient broth, Plate count agar, Tryptic Soy Agar, and Blood agar), and identification by using various biochemical tests (conventional and using API 20 Strep kit) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against 16S rRNA gene of S. agalactiae .", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "CAMP-negative strains underwent 16S rDNA and cfb gene sequence analysis, as well as bacterial multilocus sequence typing.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "Bacterial culture and species identification were performed based on colony morphology, biochemical identification, and PCR using 16S rRNA.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "The association between the use of dry cow therapy and bacteriological cure after calving and the development of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance on Egyptian dairy farms.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0345646", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:41920917 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345646" }, { "sentence": "16S rRNA Bacterial Identification in Evaluation of Orthopedic Infections and its Limited Role in Antimicrobial Stewardship..", "source": "europepmc", "title": "16S rRNA Bacterial Identification in Evaluation of Orthopedic Infections and its Limited Role in Antimicrobial Stewardship.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofag262", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42169693 doi:10.1093/ofid/ofag262" }, { "sentence": "Bacterial isolates from moribund fish in Samut Sakhon province were identified via MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by whole-genome sequencing (Illumina HiSeq) and comparative pan-genomic analysis.", "source": "crossref", "title": "Genomic characterization of streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus suis isolated from diseased snakeskin gourami (trichopodus pectoralis)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2025.306", "year": "", "id": "doi:10.58837/chula.the.2025.306" }, { "sentence": "The isolates were confirmed as S. agalactiae using the CAMP test on blood agar and by molecular identification with tDNA-PCR or by 16S rRNA gene sequence determination.", "source": "openalex", "title": "Comparison of different sampling techniques and of different culture methods for detection of group B streptococcus carriage in pregnant women", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-10-285", "year": "2010", "id": "https://openalex.org/W2141911771" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "haemolysis_pattern", "value": "Haemolysis pattern — reported negative", "score": 12.65, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "openalex", "openaire", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 6, "confidence": "high", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Pigment was not produced in eight non-hemolytic and two hemolytic strains.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Isolated bacteria were found Gram-positive paired and chained cocci, β-hemolytic and non-motile.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" }, { "sentence": "Streptococcus agalactiae can produce CAMP factor, which can promote the β-hemolysin activity of Staphylococcus aureus , forming an arrow-shaped hemolysis enhancement zone at the intersection of the two bacterial species on a blood agar plate.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "GBS or streptococcus agalacticae is a gram-positive cocci, beta-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic, which is a harmless inhabitant of the normal human microflora.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33658429/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33658429" }, { "sentence": "Recently, it has been suggested that the haemolytic and cytolytic activity of GBS is due to the ornithine rhamnopolyenic pigment and not to the CylE protein.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24617549/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24617549" }, { "sentence": "In cases where suspicious colonies with beta-hemolysis were observed, bacterial identification was performed using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (Bruker).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Prospective study of vaginal samples for the detection of <i>Gardnerella vaginalis</i> and <i>G. swidsinskii/leopoldii</i> using Gardnerella agar in CO<sub>2</sub> and anaerobic atmospheres.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03668-25", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42089608 doi:10.1128/spectrum.03668-25" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "pigment_production", "value": "Pigment production", "score": 8.96, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "openaire", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 4, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Second, we tested the production of carotenoid pigment in 155 GBS blood culture isolates.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Orange pigment was produced in 146/155 GBS blood culture isolates.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Pigment was not produced in eight non-hemolytic and two hemolytic strains.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Culture-based methods for detection and identification of Streptococcus agalactiae in pregnant women--what are we missing?", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18030504/", "year": "2008", "id": "PMID:18030504" }, { "sentence": "Most clinical isolates express simultaneously a β-haemolysin/cytolysin and a red polyenic pigment, two phenotypic traits important for GBS identification in medical microbiology.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24617549/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24617549" }, { "sentence": "The cyl operon involved in haemolysin and pigment production is regulated by the major two-component system CovS/R, which coordinates the expression of multiple virulence factors of GBS.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24617549/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24617549" }, { "sentence": "Recently, it has been suggested that the haemolytic and cytolytic activity of GBS is due to the ornithine rhamnopolyenic pigment and not to the CylE protein.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24617549/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24617549" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "antibiotic_susceptibility_profile", "value": "Antibiotic susceptibility profile", "score": 8.12, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno", "preprints" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Nineteen isolates were identified through a review of preservation and cultivation processes since January 2022, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of group B streptococcal isolates from neonates in a tertiary hospital in Qingyang, Gansu Province, China.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651632/", "year": "2025", "id": "PMID:40651632" }, { "sentence": "Based on MIC data, 65 (0.31%) isolates susceptible to erythromycin (MIC ≤0.25 mg/L) and non-susceptible to clindamycin (MIC ≥0.5 mg/L) were identified among 21 186 GBS isolates.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Cross-resistance to lincosamides, streptogramins A and pleuromutilins in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from the USA.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333320/", "year": "2017", "id": "PMID:28333320" }, { "sentence": "IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE..", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS OF STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32011312/", "year": "2019", "id": "PMID:32011312" }, { "sentence": "Bacterial isolates (n = 116) were obtained from pregnant women and submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, investigation of macrolide resistance phenotypes and genotypes, and identification of capsular type.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Macrolide resistance among Streptococcus agalactiae during COVID-19 public health emergency in Brazil.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38687418/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38687418" }, { "sentence": "In total, 360 moribund or recently dead fish at various production stages (larvae/fry, pre grow-out and grow out) were examined, and 25 S. agalactiae isolates were serotyped, subjected to real time PCR analysis multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiling and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype Ia ST7 CC1 in Farmed Nile Tilapia in Latin America: Age-Dependent Disease and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of an Emerging Clonal Lineage", "url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202604.2007.v1", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1183902" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "vitek_2", "value": "VITEK 2", "score": 6.1, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "europepmc", "preprints" ], "n_sources": 3, "confidence": "moderate", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "After bacterial isolation from the brain and kidney of diseased fish, identification was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and the VITEK 2 system.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Characterization of Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus agalactiae in cultured red tilapia Oreochromis sp. in Thailand.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38632692/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMID:38632692" }, { "sentence": "The VITEK-2 automatic identification system and MALDI-TOF MS were initially employed for identification, followed by the CAMP test.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Analysis of molecular characteristics of CAMP-negative Streptococcus agalactiae strains.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293216/", "year": "2023", "id": "PMID:37293216" }, { "sentence": "Our study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the BCID2 assay, comparing its effectiveness to the VITEK2 at a routine lab in Limpopo, South Africa, where alternative assays are necessary to overcome resource unavailability in areas located further away from major laboratories.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) for Bloodstream Infections in Limpopo, South Africa.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s575283", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42273392 doi:10.2147/idr.s575283" }, { "sentence": "A total of 247 positive blood culture bottles were tested using both BCID2 and VITEK2 systems.", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Diagnostic Accuracy of the Biofire FilmArray Blood Culture Identification 2 (BCID2) for Bloodstream Infections in Limpopo, South Africa.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/idr.s575283", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42273392 doi:10.2147/idr.s575283" }, { "sentence": "Identification was based on standard microbiological methods, CAMP test, and VITEK2 system.", "source": "preprints", "title": "Prevalence, Serotype Distribution, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Streptococcus agalactiae Among Pregnant Women in Greece: A Retrospective Study", "url": "https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202605.0596.v1", "year": "2026", "id": "PPR:PPR1187996" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "dnase", "value": "DNase — reported negative", "score": 3.6, "sources": [ "pubmed", "pubmed_pheno" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of three environmental factors (H + , glucose and human plasma) in biofilm formation, by carrier and invasive Streptococcus agalactiae strains of ST17 and ST19 sequence types, including DNase producers and non-producers.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Biofilm formation by ST17 and ST19 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32896574/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32896574" }, { "sentence": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro the effects of three environmental factors (H + , glucose and human plasma) in biofilm formation, by carrier and invasive Streptococcus agalactiae strains of ST17 and ST19 sequence types, including DNase producers and non-producers.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Biofilm formation by ST17 and ST19 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32896574/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32896574" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "whole_genome_sequencing_ani", "value": "Whole-genome sequencing / ANI", "score": 2.44, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "crossref" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Technologies, such as whole genome sequencing, genome-wide transcription and proteome mapping facilitate large scale identification of genes and proteins.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "Acid Stress Response Mechanisms of Group B Streptococci.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936424/", "year": "2017", "id": "PMID:28936424" }, { "sentence": "Bacterial isolates from moribund fish in Samut Sakhon province were identified via MALDI-TOF MS and 16S rRNA sequencing, followed by whole-genome sequencing (Illumina HiSeq) and comparative pan-genomic analysis.", "source": "crossref", "title": "Genomic characterization of streptococcus agalactiae and streptococcus suis isolated from diseased snakeskin gourami (trichopodus pectoralis)", "url": "https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.the.2025.306", "year": "", "id": "doi:10.58837/chula.the.2025.306" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "aerotolerance_test", "value": "Aerotolerance test — reported positive", "score": 2.38, "sources": [ "pubmed_pheno", "wikipedia" ], "n_sources": 2, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "GBS or streptococcus agalacticae is a gram-positive cocci, beta-hemolytic, facultative anaerobic, which is a harmless inhabitant of the normal human microflora.", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "title": "BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS AGALACTIAE.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33658429/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33658429" }, { "sentence": "It is a beta-hemolytic, catalase-negative, and facultative anaerobe.", "source": "wikipedia", "title": "Streptococcus agalactiae", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae", "year": "2026", "id": "wikipedia:2842834" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "coagulase", "value": "Coagulase — reported negative", "score": 2.07, "sources": [ "doaj" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Scant information exists on Ocimum tenuiflorum L. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of O. tenuiflorum extract and its interaction with antibacterial drugs against common mastitis pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus , coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CNS), Streptococcus agalactiae , and Escherichia coli .", "source": "doaj", "title": "Synergistic Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Ocimum tenuiflorum Ethanolic Extract against Major Bacterial Mastitis Pathogens", "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/4/510", "year": "2022", "id": "00e011b097f64d279639c726ece65ba8" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "motility", "value": "Motility — reported negative", "score": 0.93, "sources": [ "pubmed" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Isolated bacteria were found Gram-positive paired and chained cocci, β-hemolytic and non-motile.", "source": "pubmed", "title": "Isolation and molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae from popped eye disease of cultured Tilapia and Vietnamese koi fishes in Bangladesh.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33860008/", "year": "2021", "id": "PMID:33860008" } ], "inferred": false }, { "key": "starch_hydrolysis", "value": "Starch hydrolysis", "score": 0.93, "sources": [ "europepmc" ], "n_sources": 1, "confidence": "low", "evidence": [ { "sentence": "Dietary EA and/or BC improved growth and feed utilization, increased intestinal amylase, lipase, and protease activities, and favorably altered whole-body composition, with the greatest overall responses generally recorded in the EA + BC group (P < 0.05).", "source": "europepmc", "title": "Combined effects of dietary ellagic acid and Bacillus coagulans on growth performance, antioxidant and immune responses, intestinal health, and resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae in striped catfish.", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-026-11448-1", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42593707 doi:10.1007/s11259-026-11448-1" } ], "inferred": false } ], "confidence": "high", "conflict": null, "review": "unreviewed" } }, "references": [ { "title": "To Evaluate Impact on Detection Rate of Streptococcus Agalactiae in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy", "url": "https://explore.openaire.eu/search/find?keyword=Streptococcus%20agalactiae", "year": "2023", "id": "openaire", "source": "openaire", "fields": [ "media", "time", "biochem", "temperature", "gram" ], "n": 40 }, { "title": "Potential Application of Bacteriophages in Enrichment Culture for Improved Prenatal Streptococcus agalactiae Screening", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6213948/", "year": "2018", "id": "PMC6213948", "source": "pmc", "fields": [ "media", "temperature", "time" ], "n": 15 }, { "title": "Accuracy of an AI-based automated plate reading mobile application for the identification of clinical mastitis-causing pathogens in chromogenic culture media", "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10786835/", "year": "2024", "id": "PMC10786835", "source": "pmc", 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"https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03668-25", "year": "2026", "id": "MED:42089608 doi:10.1128/spectrum.03668-25", "source": "europepmc", "fields": [ "time", "colony", "biochem" ], "n": 5 }, { "title": "Biofilm formation by ST17 and ST19 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32896574/", "year": "2020", "id": "PMID:32896574", "source": "pubmed", "fields": [ "biochem", "time" ], "n": 4 }, { "title": "Use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for rapid identification of group B Streptococcus on chromID Strepto B agar.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220051/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:25220051", "source": "pubmed", "fields": [ "biochem", "media" ], "n": 4 }, { "title": "Group B streptococcal haemolysin and pigment, a tale of twins.", "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24617549/", "year": "2014", "id": "PMID:24617549", "source": "pubmed_pheno", "fields": [ "biochem" ], "n": 4 }, { "title": "BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 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