Culture profile
Lactobacillus acidophilus
cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus
unreviewed
Built 15 Sep 2026 · 26 days ago
At a glance
1
Media
high
MRS agar/broth · Reinforced clostridial medium · M17 medium +7 more
2
Temperature
high
6–55 °C
3
Growth time
high
1-42 d
4
Colony
low
Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.
5
Gram
high
Gram-positive
6
Biochemical tests
high
16S rRNA gene sequencing · VITEK 2 · Tween 80 hydrolysis +11 more
Evidence base by publication year
How current the underlying literature is. Recent work is weighted more heavily, but classical descriptions still count — that is often where the phenotype was characterised properly.
- Median 2021
- Newest 2026
- Oldest 1971
- Last 5 years 33
Latest literature
The newest publications that fed this profile.
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
1 Media used
high-
MRS agar/broth
Evidence (6)
The experiments monitored the time evolution of bacterial populations grown on two different cultivation media (single source of carbon-SSCM and de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe-MRS broth media) which stimulated different proliferation conditions.
Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025Results showed that the digested soybean oligopeptide (dPep) was less efficient than MRS medium in promoting the growth, but by increasing the content of the intermediates during the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, its metabolic capacity was significantly improved.
Effect of soybean oligopeptide on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus acidophilus JCM 1132. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020The cell recovery and bacterial counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in tested products (pure L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains, starter culture, probiotic supplements, and yogurt) using our mRCM with sodium pyruvate (mRCM-PYR) were significantly higher than in the recently modified RCM and the common de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020The growth of other lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus reuteri) and Bifidobacteria was retarded in this modified medium compared with their growth in MRS and mRCM.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020This result is a significant improvement in the enumeration and differentiation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in mRCM-PYR compared with the results in MRS and mRCM where the high background growth of similar species interferes with the accuracy of bacterial population counts.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020The CFSs harvested from LAB1900 grown in de Man, Rogosa, Sharpe broth with initial pH of 5.5 (CFS5.5) and 6.6 (CFS6.6) were tested.
Initial culture media pH influences the antibacterial activity and metabolic footprint of Lactobacillus acidophilus BIOTECH 1900. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024
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Reinforced clostridial medium
Evidence (5)
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture..
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020In this study, we modified reinforced clostridial medium (RCM) to selectively enumerate and isolate Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, a probiotic and important starter culture in the dairy industry.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020Bacteriological media evaluated included Streptococcus thermophilus agar, pH modified MRS agar, MRS-vancomycine agar, MRS-bile agar, MRS-NaCl agar, MRS-lithium chloride agar, MRS-NNLP (nalidixic acid, neomycin sulfate, lithium chloride and paramomycine sulfate) agar, reinforced clostridial agar, sugar-based (such as maltose, galactose, sorbitol, manitol, esculin) media, sodium lactate agar, arabinose agar, raffinose agar, xylose agar, and L. casei agar.
Selective Enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Propionibacteria — OpenAlex, 2003The MRS agar at pH 5.2 or reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.3 could be used for the selective enumeration of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus when the incubation was carried out at 45 degrees C for > or = 72 h.
Evaluation of Media for Selective Enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacteria — OpenAlex, 1996However, the recovery of this organism was lower on MRS agar at pH 5.2 or reinforced clostridial agar at pH 5.3 than that obtained on MRS agar.
Evaluation of Media for Selective Enumeration of Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacteria — OpenAlex, 1996
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M17 medium
Evidence (6)
M17 agar: In accordance with manufacturer’s instructions, 55 g of commercial M17 agar (Merck), which contained 5.0 g of lactose monohydrate, was suspended in 1000 mL of distilled water, then mixed thoroughly and brought gently to the boil under frequent agitation.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Both strains of Lb. acidophilus ( i.e. , LA-5 and NCAIM B.02085) showed good growth in the majority of culture media, except in M17 agar incubated at 45 °C for 24 h under aerobic conditions and in TOS-MUP agar.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Besides the reference medium, only M17 agar was capable of promoting the growth of S. thermophilus TH-4 and DSM 20479.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014It must be noted, however, that CASO and M17 agars incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 48 h yielded approximately 1 log cycle higher (p < 0.05) S. thermophilus counts than aerobically incubated M17 agar at 45 °C for 24 h.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Not surprisingly, lactococci grew well in M17 agar at 37 °C.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Under aerobic incubation at 37 °C for 48 h, M17 agar lacked selectivity, promoting the growth of the majority of LAB strains screened in this investigation.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014
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Tinsdale / cystine-tellurite
Evidence (6)
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings..
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026To shorten diagnostic turnaround time, study adopted primary inoculation on selective Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope (LSS) for rapid growth.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Methods In this cross-sectional study, 50 throat swab specimens collected from patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of diphtheria were cultured on Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Conclusion Black colonies on Tinsdale medium were not specific for Corynebacterium, as several other organisms produced similar colonies.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Loeffler serum slope
Evidence (2)
To shorten diagnostic turnaround time, study adopted primary inoculation on selective Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope (LSS) for rapid growth.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Methods In this cross-sectional study, 50 throat swab specimens collected from patients presenting with clinical features suggestive of diphtheria were cultured on Tinsdale medium and Loeffler's Serum Slope.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Thioglycollate broth
Evidence (1)
Cultures of L. acidophilus were grown at 37 degrees C in lactobacilli MRS broth supplemented with sodium thioglycollate, sodium taurocholate, and cholesterol (cholesterol phosphatidyl choline micelles).
Relationships Among Bile Tolerance, Bile Salt Deconjugation, and Assimilation of Cholesterol by Lactobacillus acidophilus — OpenAlex, 1993
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Nutrient agar
Evidence (2)
The OD600 results were verified by the bacteria plating method on nutrient agar.
Impact of Electro-Activated Whey on Growth, Acid and Bile Resistance of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Subsp., Lactobacillus Rhamnosus Gg and Lactobacillus Acidophilus Atcc4356 — Crossref, 2022Lactic acid bacteria from freshly prepare ‘Ogi’ and ‘Kunun’ were isolated by plating on nutrient agar modified with glacial acetic acid.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE BACTEROCIN PRODUCING CHARACTERISTICS OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM SELECTED TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FOODS — Zenodo, 2011
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Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobe agar
Evidence (1)
Recent studies also indicated that mupirocin agars such as Wilkins-Chalgren agar containing 100 mg/L of mupirocin ( Rada and Koc, 2000 ), MRS agar fortified with cysteine hydrochloride (0.05%, w/v) and mupirocin at 50 mg/L ( Simpson et al. , 2004 ), and Transoligosaccharide propionate agar supplemented with 50 mg/L of mupirocin ( Ghoddusi and Hassan, 2011 ; ISO and IDF, 2010 ; Kolakowski et al. , 2010 ) are the most suitable media for isolation and selective enumeration of bi
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014
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Marine agar 2216
Evidence (1)
Corresponding author ( rohjaesook@hanyang.ac.kr ) 9 2011 30 9 2011 49 3 202216 295 298 07 6 2011 25 7 2011 30 7 2011 01 09 2011 09 11 2011 11 05 2024 © 2011, Korean Society for Parasitology 2011 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and repr
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011
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Mueller-Hinton agar
Evidence (1)
Standardized 0.5 McFarland inocula of E. faecalis , C. albicans , and S. aureus were lawn-cultured on Mueller-Hinton agar.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus: An in-vitro study — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026
2 Optimum temperature for growth
high6–55 °C
Evidence (6)
Growth and tolerance tests confirmed adaptation to wide temperature (6 to 55 °C), pH (2.3 to 7.3), and NaCl (1 to 6%) ranges.
Technological and molecular profiling of lactic flora in Hamra ewe's milk cheese from the Algerian steppe. — Europe PMC, 2026In addition, its optimal culture conditions were 3% inoculum ( v / v ); culture temperature 37 °C; initial pH 6.5; and medium composition of 30.18 g/L glucose, 37.35 g/L soybean peptone, 18.68 g/L fish peptone, 2.46 g/L sodium citrate, 6.125 g/L sodium acetate, 2.46 g/L K 2 HPO 4 , 0.4 g/L MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O,0.04 g/L MnSO 4 ·5H 2 O, 0.01 g/L serine, and 0.3 g/L uracil.
In Vitro Evaluation of Intestinal Transport and High-Density Fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus . — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023Incubated at 37 °C, the nonselective MRS media provided optimum growth conditions for many of the strains.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014L. acidophilus was grown in 20 ml of MRS broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator for 16 to 24 hr.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011The cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM were grown at 37 °C in various media maintained at pH 6.0 during growth with a neutralizer of 20% sodium carbonate in 20% ammonium hydroxide.
Pepsinized Sweet Whey Medium for Growing Lactobacillus acidophilus for Frozen Concentrated Cultures — OpenAIRE Explore, 1983The best culture media and incubation conditions for enumeration of the probiotic cultures were: B. animalis: MRS agar with dicloxacillin, 37 °C or 42 °C, anaerobiosis; L. acidophilus: MRS agar with bile salts, 37 °C or 42 °C, aerobiosis; L. casei: MRS agar with lithium chloride and sodium propionate, 37 °C or 42 °C, aerobiosis or anaerobiosis.
Evaluation of culture media for enumeration of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium animalis in the presence of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus — OpenAIRE Explore, 2009
Other values reported (3)
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79.2 °C
Evidence (1)
The optimum liquefaction enzyme dosage, temperature, and time determined by Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) were 9 mL/L of α-amylase, 79.2 °C, and 5 h of reaction, respectively.
Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016
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60 °C
Evidence (1)
The optimum temperature and reaction time for saccharification were determined as 60 °C and 3 h.
Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016
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4 °C
Evidence (1)
The viability of L. acidophilus cells encapsulated by spray drying technology stored at refrigerated condition (4 °C) is higher than the viability of cells stored at room temperature (25 °C). === Quorum sensing === Quorum sensing among cells is the process among which cell signaling can lead to coordinated activities which can ultimately help bacteria control gene expression in a consecutive sequence.
Lactobacillus acidophilus — Wikipedia, 2026
3 Time required to grow
high1-42 d
Evidence (6)
Four dietary treatments, consisting of the basal diet (control), basal diet + 0.05, 0.10, or 0.15% Lactobacillus culture (LC), were fed to 2,000 Arbor Acres broiler chicks from 1 to 42 d of age (DOA).
Growth performance, intestinal microbial populations, and serum cholesterol of broilers fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures — OpenAlex, 1998In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.
Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .
Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022
Other values reported (4)
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2-3 d
Evidence (6)
John F. Alderete JF, Texas University, USA) [ 9 ] were cultured at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere in DMEM (WelGene, Daegu, Korea) supplemented with 10% FBS (WelGene) and 0.5% penicillin-streptomycin (GenDEPOT, Barker, Texas, USA) in a humidified atmosphere for 2-3 days.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011Isolates were inoculated into broth containing sodium oxalate (5 mg/L) and incubated anaerobically for 72 hours.
Assessment of in vitro oxalate degradation by Lactobacillus species cultured from veterinary probiotics. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2015Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 and S. thermophilus DSM 20479 were propagated in CASO broth at 37 °C for 48 h under aerobic conditions; Lc . lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 19435, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis VK-256, and Ln. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum ATCC 19255 were grown in CASO broth at 30 °C for 72 h aerobically; whereas the rest of the strains tested in this study were incubated in MRS broth at 37 °C for 72 h in anaerobiosis.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Streptococcus thermophilus TH-4 and S. thermophilus DSM 20479 were propagated in CASO broth at 37 °C for 48 h under aerobic conditions; Lc . lactis subsp. lactis ATCC 19435, Lc. lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis VK-256, and Ln. mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum ATCC 19255 were grown in CASO broth at 30 °C for 72 h aerobically; whereas the rest of the strains tested in this study were incubated in MRS broth at 37 °C for 72 h in anaerobiosis.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and B. breve M-16 V only grew well in CASO, TOS-MUP, and MRS pH 6.2 agars incubated at 37 °C for 72 h under anaerobic conditions.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014Similar observations were made for Lb. casei NCAIM B.01137 and HDRI-R, which were present in high numbers in six of the eight media (methods) tested; however, they failed to form detectable numbers of colonies ( i.e. , ≥ 10 6 cfu/mL) in TOS-MUP and MRS pH 5.4 agars incubated anaerobically at 37 °C for 72 h and at 45 °C for 48 h, respectively.
Evaluation of culture media for selective enumeration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 2014
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16-24 h
Evidence (6)
L. acidophilus was grown in 20 ml of MRS broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA) at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator for 16 to 24 hr.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.
Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .
Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022
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18-24 h
Evidence (6)
CFS solutions (300-50 mg/mL) were tested alongside chlorhexidine and sterile water controls and incubated for 18-24 h at 37 °C.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5 against Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Staphylococcus aureus: An in-vitro study — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026In addition, transcriptional activity of all mentioned CTAs except AKAP4 was significantly decreased after 24 hour treatment with culture supernatants.
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus crispatus culture supernatants downregulate expression of cancer-testis genes in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014The anti-cancer effects of 24h and 48h culture supernatants at various concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml) were determined by various in vitro and in vivo assays including MTT, tumor volume measurement as well as 99m Tc-MIBI biodistribution in MCF-7 tumor bearing nude mice and histopathology test.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021In vivo study using MCF-7 xenograft mouse models demonstrated a reduction in tumor weight and volume by both 24h and 48h supernatants (2 mg/kg) after 15 days.
Evaluation of Anti-Tumor Potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC4356 Culture Supernatants in MCF-7 Breast Cancer. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021L. acidophilus VB1 was shown to significantly co-aggregate with the pathogenic bacteria, and the highest co-aggregation percentage was observed after 24 h of incubation.
Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Plaque samples from permanent first molars were collected and transferred aseptically onto Mitis-Salivarius agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours in the presence of 5-10% CO 2 .
Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022
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6 h
Evidence (6)
L. acidophilus showed exponential growth for the first 6 hr until 9 hr, and the pH was maintained close to 4.0-5.0 at 24 hr after culture, consistent with previous studies.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011The pH of the culture medium of L. acidophilus decreased rapidly from 6.2 to 4.6 over the first 6 hr and was then maintained at 3.8 until the end of the incubation period ( Fig.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011Likewise, the pH value of media from MS74 cells co-cultured with L. acidophilus also decreased profoundly from 7.6 to 5.7 for the first 6 hr, consistent with the change in growth rate of the bacterium ( Fig.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011L. acidophilus cultured alone showed an exponential increase in OD 600 nm from 0.4 to 3.0 for the first 6 hr after culture, and the number of CFUs also reached a maximum value (5×10 9 CFU/ml) during the same period of time ( Figs.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011Likewise, the OD 600 nm of L. acidophilus co-cultured with MS74 cells increased to 1.3 after the first 6 hr of incubation and reached 1.6 at the end of the incubation ( Fig.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011However, the number of CFUs after co-culture increased from 3×10 5 to 3×10 8 CFU/ml over the first 6 hr, decreased after 9 hr, and was at 1.3×10 4 CFU/ml at the end of the culture ( Fig.
Lactobacillus acidophilus Contributes to a Healthy Environment for Vaginal Epithelial Cells — PubMed Central (open access), 2011
4 Colony morphology
lowGrey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.
Evidence (1)
Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
Other values reported (4)
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Comparison of Streptococcus mutans load among the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in colony counts between the three groups (p Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies also demonstrated a statistically significant difference among the three groups (p Conclusion : A gluten-containing diet in patients with celiac disease is associated with an increased load of cariogenic bacteria in saliva.
Evidence (1)
Comparison of Streptococcus mutans load among the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in colony counts between the three groups (p Lactobacillus acidophilus colonies also demonstrated a statistically significant difference among the three groups (p Conclusion : A gluten-containing diet in patients with celiac disease is associated with an increased load of cariogenic bacteria in saliva.
Correlation between Bacterial Load of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus with Gluten-rich or gluten-free diet in patients with celiac disease — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026
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As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.
Evidence (1)
As Tinsdale medium is known to produce standout colony characteristics for rapid identification, we exploited the ability of Tinsdale medium to form characteristic grey to black colonies of Corynebacterium genus.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.
Evidence (1)
Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Correlations were observed between plano-convex colony form and densely packed cells, rough colony form and random arrangement of well-separated microorganisms, and irregular colony edge and tendency of cells to grow out from the colony in filaments.
Evidence (1)
Correlations were observed between plano-convex colony form and densely packed cells, rough colony form and random arrangement of well-separated microorganisms, and irregular colony edge and tendency of cells to grow out from the colony in filaments.
Microstructure of Colonies of Rod-Shaped Bacteria — PubMed Central (open access), 1971
5 Gram character
highGram-positive
Evidence (7)
Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4796) Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (K12-MG1655) Gram-negative bacteria are two microorganisms that can interact accidentally in the dairy food chain process or in different human pathologies.
Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025Though first thought to be a phenomenon associated with Gram-negative bacteria, vesicle production in Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and other Gram-positives has recently been described.
Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus-derived membrane vesicles. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2019All isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and predominantly rod-shaped. rep-PCR analysis revealed strain homogeneity in most products, whereas others (products A and K) exhibited heterogeneous microbial compositions.
Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect? — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026Acidocin LCHV has a broad spectrum of activity both against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including several that are classified as Especially Dangerous Infections by the World Health Organization as well as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium difficile.
Purification, characterisation and identification of acidocin LCHV, an antimicrobial peptide produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er 317/402 strain Narine. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2010Microscopically, R cells were observed as long gram-positive rods with small nonstainable blebs protruding from the cell wall.
Growth Characteristics, Bile Sensitivity, and Freeze Damage in Colonial Variants of Lactobacillus acidophilus † — PubMed Central (open access), 1981The cytograms presented in Figure 4 aim to highlight the two categories of bacteria (Gram-positive, delimited by black lines, and Gram-negative, delimited by green lines, respectively).
Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation — PubMed Central (open access), 2025Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Lactobacillales; Lactobacillaceae; Lactobacillus
NCBI Taxonomy lineage — NCBI Taxonomy, 2026
Other values reported (1)
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Gram-negative
Evidence (6)
Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4796) Gram-positive bacteria and Escherichia coli (K12-MG1655) Gram-negative bacteria are two microorganisms that can interact accidentally in the dairy food chain process or in different human pathologies.
Mathematical Modeling of Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophilus Growth Based on Experimental Mixed Batch Cultivation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025Though first thought to be a phenomenon associated with Gram-negative bacteria, vesicle production in Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and other Gram-positives has recently been described.
Isolation and characterization of Lactobacillus-derived membrane vesicles. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2019The two CFSs elicited varying degrees of activity against three gram-negative bacteria.
Initial culture media pH influences the antibacterial activity and metabolic footprint of Lactobacillus acidophilus BIOTECH 1900. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Stimulated whole saliva (SWS) and full-mouth SGP on intact tooth surfaces were collected from 26 primary (p) SS, 27 secondary (s) SS, and 29 control subjects for selective culture of lactobacilli, mutans streptococci, and aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods (AGNR).
Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2007SS sufferers had significantly lower proportion of gram-negative species (P = 0.047).
Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2007Subjects with pSS harbored increased levels of L. acidophilus and non-oral species, while SS sufferers generally had lower proportions of gram-negative species.
Supra-gingival microbiota in Sjögren's syndrome. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2007
Sources disagree: "Gram-positive" (score 27.4) versus "Gram-negative" (score 24.98). Both are shown; a reviewer should decide.
6 Biochemical tests for identification
high-
16S rRNA gene sequencing
Evidence (4)
The two isolates were identified by morphological, biochemical properties and then by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technique as Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2.
Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA sequencing showed a predominance of Lmb. reuteri and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , with some products containing additional species such as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus acidophilus .
Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect? — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026The gram‐positive and catalase‐negative lactobacillus strains were subjected to grouping and identifying using biochemical tests, carbohydrates fermentation profiles, and 16S rDNA analysis.
Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses — OpenAIRE Explore, 2021A total of 33 LAB strains were isolated from Nigerian local fermented foods (iru, fufu, and ogi) using MRS agar, screened for antibacterial activity against selected foodborne pathogens, and characterized using 16S rRNA sequencing.
Isolation and Optimization of Bacteriocin-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria from Nigerian Fermented Foods — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026
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VITEK 2
Evidence (3)
Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing for 16 antibiotics were performed using the VITEK2 system.
Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Out of the organisms identified by conventional methods as well as by VITEK, Enterococcus faecalis was the most prevalent organism (25.7%), followed by Lactobacillus acidophilus (14.3%) and Streptococcus mitis (14.2%) and Lactobacillus gasseri (11.4%).
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Tween 80 hydrolysis
Evidence (3)
The results indicated that glucose (p = 0.01510) as negative factor and K2HPO4 (p = 0.02017) as positive effect were the significant growth factors of Lactobacillus acidophilus, CH3COONa (p = 0.09273) as positive effect was an important factor, and the optimized medium was as follows: glucose - 21 g/L, K2HPO4 - 3.5 g/L, CH3COONa - 6.5 g/L, peptone - 10 g/L, beef extract - 8 g/L, yeast extract powder - 8 g/L, C6H14O7N2 - 2 g/L, MgSO4 - 0.2 g/L and Tween-80 - 1 mL/L when the ma
Optimization of the medium for Lactobacillus acidophilus by Plackett-Burman and steepest ascent experiment. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2015Optimal conditions for growth and lactic acid production by L. acidophilus were pH 6.5 or 8.0 and 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, growth was higher in LAPTg (yeast extract/peptone/tryptone/Tween 80/glucose) broth than in MRS (De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) broth.
Growth and lactic acid production by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1259, and inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2003Optimal conditions for growth and lactic acid production by L. acidophilus were pH 6.5 or 8.0 and 37 degrees C. Under these conditions, growth was higher in LAPTg (yeast extract/peptone/tryptone/Tween 80/glucose) broth than in MRS (De Man-Rogosa-Sharpe) broth.
Growth and lactic acid production by vaginal Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL 1259, and inhibition of uropathogenic Escherichia coli — OpenAlex, 2003
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Haemolysis pattern
Evidence (4)
When grown in (S. platensis + glucose) medium, L. acidophilus LB produced the highest lactic acid concentration of 18.24 ± 2.43 mg/mL and survived in extreme conditions such as 4% NaCl, pH 1.0-2.0, and 50 ºC, and inhibited 99.82 ± 0.24% of Vibrio parahaemolyticus population after 2 days of treatment.
Enhancement of Bioactive Compounds and Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus Grown in the Omega-6, -7 Riched Cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Both strains did not show hemolytic activity.
Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022The safety assessments (no hemolytic or DNase activity and no biogenic amine production) and its ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells were also favorable.
Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus TMPC 41127 isolated from traditional cheese in inhibiting Salmonella Typhi biofilms and virulence genes. — Europe PMC, 2026All strains showed no hemolysis activity which make them safe for consumption.
Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses — OpenAIRE Explore, 2021
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Starch hydrolysis
Evidence (4)
The optimum liquefaction enzyme dosage, temperature, and time determined by Box-Behnken design response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) were 9 mL/L of α-amylase, 79.2 °C, and 5 h of reaction, respectively.
Optimization of Lactobacillus acidophilus cultivation using taro waste and evaluation of its biological activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 produces lipase enzyme, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2 produces amylase and protease.
Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022Salivary alpha-amylase has recently been proposed as a biochemical marker reflecting caries activity.
Comparative evaluation of fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal dentifrices with digital oral health intervention on salivary cariogenic microorganisms and alpha-amylase levels in children with severe early childhood caries. — Europe PMC, 2026Microbial counts were assessed using selective culture media, and alpha-amylase levels were analyzed by kinetic colorimetric assay.
Comparative evaluation of fluoridated, nonfluoridated, and herbal dentifrices with digital oral health intervention on salivary cariogenic microorganisms and alpha-amylase levels in children with severe early childhood caries. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Antibiotic susceptibility profile
Evidence (4)
Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing for 16 antibiotics were performed using the VITEK2 system.
Lactobacillus acidophilus VB1 co-aggregates and inhibits biofilm formation of chronic otitis media-associated pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2024Disk diffusion assay was done as described by CLSI M100-S25 for antibiotic susceptibility.
Evaluation of Probiotic Effects of Lactobacilli on Mutans Streptococci: An In Vitro Study. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022CFS dose-dependently inhibited the formation of Salmonella Typhi biofilms by 79.52% (1/4×MIC) to 13.16% (4×MIC) and degraded mature biofilms, demonstrating anticancer activity against HeLa, HT-29, and MCF-7 cells (IC 50 : 63.6-79.7 mg/mL).
Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus TMPC 41127 isolated from traditional cheese in inhibiting Salmonella Typhi biofilms and virulence genes. — Europe PMC, 2026In addition, the inhibitory efficacy of the investigated Probiotics in different Gram positive and negative bacteria was evaluated by drug susceptibility testing (disc diffusion test as well as agar well diffusion test).
Inhibitory effect of Probiotics on some Gram positive and negative Bacteria — DOAJ, 2023
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Catalase — reported negative
Evidence (2)
All isolates were Gram-positive, catalase-negative, and predominantly rod-shaped. rep-PCR analysis revealed strain homogeneity in most products, whereas others (products A and K) exhibited heterogeneous microbial compositions.
Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect? — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026The gram‐positive and catalase‐negative lactobacillus strains were subjected to grouping and identifying using biochemical tests, carbohydrates fermentation profiles, and 16S rDNA analysis.
Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses — OpenAIRE Explore, 2021
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Lipase
Evidence (3)
Lactobacillus acidophilus SAM1 produces lipase enzyme, while Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SAM2 produces amylase and protease.
Identification of Lactobacillus strains from human mother milk and cottage cheese revealed potential probiotic properties with enzymatic activity. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022The results demonstrated that the residual biomass supported the growth of B. subtillis PX205316 (2F) for the production of commercially valuable lipase and protease enzymes, hence, the recommended bioprocess was efficient in producing substrate with potential anticancer properties in a process that is environmentally friendly that promotes environmental sustainability.
Bio-process development for sustainable, large-scale production of LAB-oligosaccharides as a potential anti-colon-cancer metabolites produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus 20079. — Europe PMC, 2026The isolates did not show lipolytic activity as well as biogenic amines production (except L. brevis B3).
Safety, probiotic properties, antimicrobial activity, and technological performance of Lactobacillus strains isolated from Iranian raw milk cheeses — OpenAIRE Explore, 2021
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Pigment production
Evidence (2)
Grey to black-pigmented colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and the VITEK 2 Compact system.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026Results Of the 50 specimens processed, 35 (70.0%) yielded colonies with grey-black pigmentation on Tinsdale medium; none of these isolates was finally identified as Corynebacterium.
Black coloured colonies on Tinsdale medium: A challenge in resource-limited settings. — Europe PMC, 2026
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PYR (pyrrolidonyl arylamidase)
Evidence (2)
The cell recovery and bacterial counts of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in tested products (pure L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus strains, starter culture, probiotic supplements, and yogurt) using our mRCM with sodium pyruvate (mRCM-PYR) were significantly higher than in the recently modified RCM and the common de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020This result is a significant improvement in the enumeration and differentiation of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in mRCM-PYR compared with the results in MRS and mRCM where the high background growth of similar species interferes with the accuracy of bacterial population counts.
A modified reinforced clostridial medium for the isolation and enumeration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus in a mixed culture. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020
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Carbohydrate fermentation panel
Evidence (1)
We assessed the colony morphology, growth, acid production, and carbohydrate fermentation abilities of the recombinant L. acidophilus strain.
Biochemical characterization of a recombinant Lactobacillus acidophilus strain expressing exogenous FomA protein. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2018
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Short-chain fatty acid profile (GLC)
Evidence (1)
The biological application results showed that the antioxidant capacity of S-L was stronger than XOS, while XOS was superior in promoting growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria adolescentis and stimulating production of short-chain fatty acids by Lactobacillus acidophilus.
A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate — DOAJ, 2019
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Xylan / hemicellulose hydrolysis
Evidence (2)
In addition, xylanase supplementation was found to enhance La Fae enzymatic hydrolysis, thereby augmenting ferulic acid production.
Feruloyl Esterase ( La Fae) from Lactobacillus acidophilus : Structural Insights and Functional Characterization for Application in Ferulic Acid Production. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023In this work, we proposed a sustainable and green process using polystyrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB) resin to simultaneously separate and recover XOS and S-L. Enzymatic hydrolysis with endo-1,4-β-xylanase and fermentation with P. stipites were sequentially applied to purify XOS to minimize xylose content as well as amplify contents of xylobiose and xylotriose.
A sustainable process for procuring biologically active fractions of high-purity xylooligosaccharides and water-soluble lignin from Moso bamboo prehydrolyzate — DOAJ, 2019
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Ornithine decarboxylase
Evidence (1)
Furthermore, virulence-related genes such as hdc , tdc , odc , hyl , cylA , and ace were not identified.
Isolation, Identification, and Validation of Strains from Commercial Probiotics: Do We Get What We Expect? — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026
7 References used
65 sourcesCatalogues to check by hand
These have no open interface, or their terms forbid automated querying. The app prepares the query; you open it.
Scan log — what each database returned
| Database | Status | Records | Evidence | Time | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCBI Taxonomy — lineage and accepted name | empty | 0 | 0 | 1816 ms | TaxID 1579 (species). |
| LPSN — nomenclatural status | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — LPSN credentials not configured (free registration). |
| StrainInfo — strain cross-references | empty | 0 | 0 | 1071 ms | No response (endpoint may require a different path). |
| GBIF — name resolution | empty | 0 | 0 | 630 ms | Matched as Lactobacillus acidophilus (Moro, 1900) Hansen & Mocquot, 1970 (ACCEPTED). |
| Wikidata — identifier bridge | empty | 0 | 0 | 901 ms | Item Q132644 matched. |
| DSMZ MediaDive — curated growth media | empty | 0 | 0 | 693 ms | No media entries matched this name in MediaDive. |
| BacDive — curated strain phenotypes | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — BacDive credentials not configured. This is the single highest-value source; registration is free. |
| PubMed — culture and cultivation query | hit | 25 | 49 | 2994 ms | 25 abstracts retrieved (culture query). |
| PubMed — morphology and identification query | hit | 25 | 17 | 2694 ms | 25 abstracts retrieved (pheno query). |
| PubMed Central — open-access Methods sections | hit | 5 | 110 | 8239 ms | 5 open-access full texts mined. |
| Europe PMC — abstract search | hit | 25 | 36 | 2602 ms | 25 records from Europe PMC. |
| Europe PMC — full-text mining | empty | 0 | 0 | 3710 ms | 0 full texts mined for Methods detail. |
| Crossref — DOI metadata | hit | 25 | 8 | 1965 ms | 25 DOI records (abstracts only where deposited). |
| OpenAlex — open scholarly graph | hit | 25 | 53 | 2192 ms | 25 works (inverted abstracts reconstructed locally). |
| Semantic Scholar — abstracts | empty | 0 | 0 | 1116 ms | Rate-limited or unavailable (keyless access is throttled). |
| DOAJ — open-access journals | hit | 20 | 12 | 632 ms | 20 open-access articles. |
| OpenAIRE — repository publications | hit | 20 | 41 | 2360 ms | 20 repository publications. |
| SciELO — regional journals | empty | 0 | 0 | 505 ms | No parseable SciELO response (their JSON output is unstable; a deep link is still provided). |
| NCBI Bookshelf — reference texts | hit | 8 | 0 | 3352 ms | 8 reference-text chapters listed. |
| CORE — aggregated repositories | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| Springer Nature — publisher metadata | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| ScienceDirect — publisher metadata | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| bioRxiv / medRxiv — preprints | hit | 12 | 10 | 1492 ms | 12 preprints (not peer reviewed — weighted down). |
| Zenodo — datasets and protocols | hit | 15 | 2 | 2089 ms | 15 deposits (datasets, theses, protocols). |
| Wikipedia — orientation only | hit | 1 | 7 | 1134 ms | Article retrieved (lowest weight). |
| ATCC — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| NCTC / UKHSA — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| Google Scholar — deep link (not crawled) | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| protocols.io — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| ResearchGate — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |