Culture profile
Staphylococcus aureus
cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus
Built 10 Oct 2026 · yesterday
At a glance
Brain heart infusion (BHI) · Blood agar · Baird-Parker agar +11 more
42 °C
1-6 d
The reflectance-type device can acquire ELS patterns of colonies on highly opaque media as well as optically dense colonies.
Gram-positive
Antibiotic susceptibility profile · Coagulase — reported negative · Catalase +11 more
Evidence base by publication year
How current the underlying literature is. Recent work is weighted more heavily, but classical descriptions still count — that is often where the phenotype was characterised properly.
- Median 2022
- Newest 2026
- Oldest 1969
- Last 5 years 48
Latest literature
The newest publications that fed this profile.
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
- 2026
1 Media used
high-
Brain heart infusion (BHI)
Evidence (6)
Most Candida spp. exhibited a high auto-aggregation percentage in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with yeast extract (BHIYE).
Aggregation and biofilm formation of mono- and co-culture Candida species and Staphylococcus aureus are affected by nutrients in growth media. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025For screening of hVISA, we used two screening agar plates and used one commercial medium; brain heart infusion agar (BHI) plates containing 4 µg/mL vancomycin and 16 g/Lt casein (BHIA-VC; Satola's test), BHI agar plates containing 4 µg/mLvancomycin (BHIAV), and commercially obtained vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) agar for detetection of hVISA.
Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures..
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023Pre-culture and growth procedures BHI agar and liquid culture media were used to maintain cultures and to examine growth curves.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023Bacterial samples stored at -80 °C were thawed gently at room temperature, inoculated to BHI broth, and incubated overnight at 37 °C.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023BHI agar plates were prepared by adding 1.5% bacteriological agar powder to BHI broth.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023
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Blood agar
Evidence (6)
Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000The sensitivity of CSA was significantly higher than that of the conventional method (95.5 and 81.9%, respectively; P < 0.001) and allowed the recovery of important clinical isolates that were undetected on blood agar.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000Colonies from CLED were sub-cultured onto sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar.
Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022Methods 270 Gram-stained images were acquired from Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 grown on blood agar (BA), brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), and species-selective media at 24, 48, and 72 h.
Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study. — Europe PMC, 2026The organism grew on aerobic blood agar but not on anaerobic media or thioglycolate broth.
Septic arthritis due to <i>Corynebacterium propinquum</i>: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint. — Europe PMC, 2026Blood-culture bottles were processed using the BacT/ALERT 3D automated system, and positive cultures were subcultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Baird-Parker agar
Evidence (6)
Baird-Parker agar remains, however, the medium of choice for direct plating and enumeration of S. aureus in both Europe and the US.
Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 1995A comparative analysis of the quality of the developed nutrient media, Baird-Parker dry agar base and Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base and foreign analogues, was done based on results of clinical trials.
Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Lecithinase activity on the medium "Baird-Parker dry agar Base" and mannitol fermentation on the medium "Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base" in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.
Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Compared to the Baird-Parker plate count method, which requires 4 to 5 d, this new detection method offers great time savings.
Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014Moreover, our novel method had a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.998 when compared with the Baird-Parker plate count method.
Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk using modified Baird-Parker culture media..
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus in bulk tank milk using modified Baird-Parker culture media. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 1995
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MRS agar/broth
Evidence (5)
The carbon source and nitrogen source in MRS and nutrient broth medium were optimized by using molasses and soybean meal.
Medium optimization of three marine probiotics and their application in the culture of Sebastes schlegelii. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025By optimizing Man Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) culture medium ingredients, the antibacterial activity of lactococcin036019 in the cell-free supernatant raised from 46.19 to 300.14 Au/mL, namely, 6.5 times increased.
Optimization of Culture Medium Ingredients and Culture Conditions for Bacteriocin Production in Lactococcus lactis NCU036019. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025The impacts of adjustments and attachments in MRS media on S. aureus and LAB incubation were determined.
Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli — Crossref, 2026Different types of standard media were evaluated; MRS media were found to support the growth of S. aureus and LAB in co-culture and only LAPT media were to be found to support of E. coli and LAB in co-culture.
Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli — Crossref, 2026In summary, requirements for co-culture of S. aureus and L. casei in MRS media and co-culture of E. coli and L. casei on LAPT were determined, enabling suitable techniques to observe viable bacterial cells in co-culture.
Investigating the Growth Abilities of Foodborne Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in Co-culture with Lactobacilli — Crossref, 2026
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Tryptic soy broth (TSB)
Evidence (5)
This paper also reports on a comparison of the productivity and selectivity of trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl and 1% sodium pyruvate (PTSBS) with trypticase soy broth (TSB) for the isolation of S. aureus.
Media used in the detection and enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 1995The selective medium consisted of tryptic soy broth basal medium, 3 inhibitors (NaCl, K2 TeO3 , and phenethyl alcohol), and 2 accelerators (sodium pyruvate and glycine).
Selective cultivation and rapid detection of Staphylococcus aureus by computer vision. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2014Here, we show that aggregation during growth in the laboratory standard medium tryptic soy broth (TSB) is common among clinical and laboratory S. aureus isolates and that aggregation may introduce significant bias when applying standard enumeration methods on S. aureus growing in laboratory batch cultures.
Simple method for correct enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 °C (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2017Complex media were required for production, and a Casein Hydrolysate-Yeast Extract medium (CCY(I)) was superior to Brain Heart Infusion and Trypticase Soy Broth.
Formation of Bacteriolytic Enzymes in Batch and Continuous Culture of Staphylococcus aureus — OpenAlex, 1970
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MacConkey agar
Evidence (4)
Colonies from CLED were sub-cultured onto sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar.
Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022Isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar, identified by colony morphology, Gram stain and standard biochemical tests, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method per CLSI guidelines.
Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study — Europe PMC, 2026Root canal samples from infected or necrotic primary teeth were aseptically collected and cultured on blood, chocolate, and MacConkey agar.
Phenotypic Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Microorganisms Isolated From the Primary Molars of Pediatric Dental Patients Undergoing Pulp Therapy. — Europe PMC, 2026Blood-culture bottles were processed using the BacT/ALERT 3D automated system, and positive cultures were subcultured onto blood agar and MacConkey agar.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Mannitol salt agar
Evidence (5)
Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).
Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2015S. aureus was isolated and identified by inoculation onto Mannitol Salt Agar, gram staining and biochemical analysis.
Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and hygiene implications — Zenodo, 2024Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018Swabs were cultured onto mannitol salt agar and blood agar.
A Study on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus AureusCarriage in Medical Students before and after Exposureto Hospital Environment — Zenodo, 2024Second, the isolate is cultured on mannitol salt agar, which is a selective medium with 7.5% NaCl that allows S. aureus to grow, producing yellow-colored colonies as a result of mannitol fermentation and subsequent drop in the medium's pH.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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Tryptic soy agar (TSA)
Evidence (2)
Tryptic soy agar (TSA) presented greater bacterial recovery than mannitol salt agar (MSA), CHROMagar staph aureus, Chapman stone medium, and Baird-Park agarose (P < 0.05).
Impact of culture media and sampling methods on Staphylococcus aureus aerosols. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2015METHODS: The biofilms of S. aureus ATCC 29213 and S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 were grown on black, polycarbonate membranes (diameter, 13 mm; pore size, 0.4 microm) placed on tryptic soy agar plates at 37 degrees C for 48 h.
Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms — OpenAlex, 2010
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Mueller-Hinton agar
Evidence (3)
In addition to the standard culture medium Mueller Hinton broth (MHB), iron-depleted MHB (DMHB) and RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% human serum (HS) (RPMI-HS) were also included in Ga(III)-susceptibility tests, because of their different nutrient and iron contents.
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Compounds on ESKAPE Pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2018Growth and reversion were optimal on brain heart infusion agar and Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with compounds for which most clinical SCVs are auxotrophic: hemin, menadione, and thymidine.
Optimized In Vitro Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Method for Small-Colony Variant Staphylococcus aureus — PubMed Central (open access), 2016The penetration of oxacillin, cefotaxime, amikacin, ciprofloxacin and vancomycin through the biofilms was determined by measuring the diameter of zones of growth inhibition (of S. aureus ATCC 25923, a quality control strain) on Mueller-Hinton agar plates following diffusion of each antibiotic from an overlying antibiotic disc through the biofilm to the agar medium versus the respective control assemblies.
Penetration of antibiotics through Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms — OpenAlex, 2010
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Nutrient broth
Evidence (2)
The carbon source and nitrogen source in MRS and nutrient broth medium were optimized by using molasses and soybean meal.
Medium optimization of three marine probiotics and their application in the culture of Sebastes schlegelii. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025MATERIALS AND METHODS: We monitored four different culture media including Nutrient Broth, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, Luria-Bertani broth, and RPMI 1640 medium on the planktonic growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Influence of Laboratory Culture Media on in vitro Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus — OpenAlex, 2018
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Luria-Bertani (LB)
Evidence (2)
Luria Bertani (LB) medium was used for the liquid culture steps and for the solid medium, bacterial agar was added.
Evaluation of behavior, growth, and swarming formation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in culture medium modified with silver nanoparticles. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020MATERIALS AND METHODS: We monitored four different culture media including Nutrient Broth, Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, Luria-Bertani broth, and RPMI 1640 medium on the planktonic growth, adhesion, and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) using MTT assay and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Influence of Laboratory Culture Media on in vitro Growth, Adhesion, and Biofilm Formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus — OpenAlex, 2018
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CLED agar
Evidence (2)
Mid-stream urine samples of 1100 patients (diabetic and non-diabetic), presenting with UTI symptoms were aseptically collected and inoculated into CLED medium.
Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022Colonies from CLED were sub-cultured onto sheep blood agar and MacConkey agar.
Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022
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Thioglycollate broth
Evidence (1)
The organism grew on aerobic blood agar but not on anaerobic media or thioglycolate broth.
Septic arthritis due to <i>Corynebacterium propinquum</i>: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Nutrient agar
Evidence (1)
The pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is Gram positive cocci in clusters which forms golden colony on Nutrient agar.
Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins — Zenodo, 2018
2 Optimum temperature for growth
low42 °C
Evidence (6)
(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 °C and 42 °C ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 °C).
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 °C and 42 °C ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 °C).
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023We can conclude that incubation at 42 °C, along with vitamin B12 supplement, reduces the t lag in S. aureus NCTC8325.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023(A) Growth curves of S. aureus NCTC8325 were obtained in three-factorial designs; at 37 °C and 42 °C inoculum sizes 0.05% and 0.5 %, with and without vitamin B12.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023The effect plot of S. aureus NCTC8325 at 0.5% inoculum shows a reduction of 121 minutes in t lag at 42 °C incubation in the presence of vitamin B12 supplement.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023The effect plot of the clinical isolate S. aureus CCUG35600 at inoculum size 0.5% at 42 °C co-cultured with vitamin B12 supplement showed a decline in lag time compared to without supplementation.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023
Other values reported (2)
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37 °C
Evidence (4)
Canine and feline blood samples were inoculated with typical sepsis-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus intermedius, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus canis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at two distinct concentrations (each in triplicate), resulting in 72 blood culture bottles incubated at 37 °C.
Acceleration of the identification of sepsis-inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020(A) Growth curves of clinical bacterial isolates at 37 °C and 42 °C ( E. coli CCUG17620, E. coli NCTC13441), or with and without vitamin B12 supplement ( S. aureus CCUG35600 at 42 °C).
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023(A) Growth curves of S. aureus NCTC8325 were obtained in three-factorial designs; at 37 °C and 42 °C inoculum sizes 0.05% and 0.5 %, with and without vitamin B12.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018
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21 °C
Evidence (1)
ASM conditioned by the presence of S. aureus promoted growth of P. aeruginosa with less lag time compared with non-conditioned ASM, or conditioned medium that had been heated to 121 °C.
Effect of glucose on growth and co-culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in artificial sputum medium — OpenAlex, 2023
3 Time required to grow
high1-6 d
Evidence (6)
Fifty-seven (45.2%) participants with septic arthritis had concordant-positive PCR/culture results; 11 (19.3%) had delayed treatment (1-6 days).
Performance and Projected Impact of Synovial Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing for Patients Evaluated for Septic Arthritis. — Europe PMC, 2026CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000After incubation (37 degrees C, 24 hours), the number of colonies with characteristic morphology was counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated.
Antimicrobial efficacy of complete denture cleansers. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 °C (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2017An overnight inoculum was streaked out, and plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023
Other values reported (4)
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24-48 h
Evidence (6)
The 90-variable Cellpose framework supports 24-48 h cultures from nutrient-rich media as optimal for reliable Gram stain-based identification and laboratory quality assurance.
Incubation time and culture medium affect gram staining accuracy: A Cellpose image analysis study. — Europe PMC, 2026Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000After incubation (37 degrees C, 24 hours), the number of colonies with characteristic morphology was counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated.
Antimicrobial efficacy of complete denture cleansers. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 °C (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2017
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8-24 h
Evidence (6)
This form of gastroenteritis is self-limiting, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1-6 hours after ingestion of the toxin, with recovery in 8-24 hours.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000After incubation (37 degrees C, 24 hours), the number of colonies with characteristic morphology was counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated.
Antimicrobial efficacy of complete denture cleansers. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 °C (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2017An overnight inoculum was streaked out, and plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023
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1-6 h
Evidence (6)
This form of gastroenteritis is self-limiting, characterized by vomiting and diarrhea 1-6 hours after ingestion of the toxin, with recovery in 8-24 hours.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026In the case of the blood sample, PCR results also detected bacterial DNA after only 3h of incubation and at three times the CFU/mL.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023PCR was performed to confirm the presence of E. coli CCUG17620 DNA and human DNA in samples taken at 3 h, 6 h, 9 h, and 12 h of incubation at 37 °C and 42 °C.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023When we calculated the CFU after 3 h and 6 h of incubation, we could see that the CFU/mL of bacteria were three times higher at 42 °C than at 37 °C.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023We could see the DNA bands for the E. coli CCUG 17620 sample even after 3 h incubation.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023Although the CFU/mL after 3 h of incubation was low, i.e. , 40 at 37 °C and 120 at 42 °C, it was still enough bacterial DNA to be amplified through PCR ( Figure 8 ).
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures — PubMed Central (open access), 2023
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22-24 h
Evidence (6)
After 22 to 24 h of incubation, 80% of the MRSA strains were isolated as green colonies on MRSA ID, compared with 59 and 62% of the strains that were isolated as colored colonies on CHROMagar MRSA and ORSAB, respectively.
Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2004The specificities of MRSA ID, CHROMagar MRSA, ORSAB, and SMB were 99.5, 99.3, 97.9, and 92.8%, respectively, after 22 to 24 h of incubation.
Development and evaluation of a chromogenic agar medium for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2004CHROMagar Staph. aureus (CSA) is a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus as mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000All S. aureus isolates yielded mauve colonies after 24 h of incubation at 37 degrees C, while CoNS isolates grew as blue, white, or beige colonies.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000After incubation (37 degrees C, 24 hours), the number of colonies with characteristic morphology was counted, and CFU/mL values were calculated.
Antimicrobial efficacy of complete denture cleansers. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Nearly 70,000 mid-infrared spectra from the five treatments and the two control (untreated; N = 4) groups of MRSA (bacteria grown in TSB and incubated at 37 °C (Control I) / at ambient temperature (Control II), for 24h) were pre-processed and analyzed using principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA).
Understanding the antimicrobial activity of selected disinfectants against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2017
4 Colony morphology
lowThe reflectance-type device can acquire ELS patterns of colonies on highly opaque media as well as optically dense colonies.
Evidence (1)
The reflectance-type device can acquire ELS patterns of colonies on highly opaque media as well as optically dense colonies.
Development of a Smartphone-Integrated Reflective Scatterometer for Bacterial Identification. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022
Other values reported (4)
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Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Evidence (1)
Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018
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S. aureus appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates.
Evidence (1)
S. aureus appears as staphylococci (grape-like clusters) when viewed through a microscope, and has large, round, golden-yellow colonies, often with hemolysis, when grown on blood agar plates.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.
Evidence (1)
For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.
Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2011
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On solid medium, in contrast, growth of the DeltaccpA mutant resulted in smaller colonies containing a lower number of CFU per colony.
Evidence (1)
On solid medium, in contrast, growth of the DeltaccpA mutant resulted in smaller colonies containing a lower number of CFU per colony.
Staphylococcus aureus CcpA Affects Virulence Determinant Production and Antibiotic Resistance — OpenAlex, 2006
5 Gram character
highGram-positive
Evidence (7)
Gram-positive ESKAPE species did not regain cultivability after resuscitation.
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026These factors were arranged in simple two-level factorial designs using Gram-positive cocci ( Staphylococcus aureus ), Gram-positive bacilli ( Bacillus subtilis ), and Gram-negative bacilli ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, including clinical isolates with known antimicrobial resistance profiles.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..
An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016A modified Gram stain was developed and tested as an alternative to Gram stain that improves the contrast between Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and host tissue.
An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016The modified Gram stain clearly identified both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, and when compared to H&E or Gram stain alone provided excellent contrast between bacteria and non-viable burn eschar.
An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016We describe a modification of the Gram stain that provides improved contrast of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms within host tissue.
An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Inferred from NCBI Taxonomy lineage: cellular organisms; Bacteria; Bacillati; Bacillota; Bacilli; Caryophanales; Staphylococcaceae; Staphylococcus
NCBI Taxonomy lineage — NCBI Taxonomy, 2026
Other values reported (2)
-
Gram-negative
Evidence (6)
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces..
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026Conversely, Gram-negative species reverted to the cultivable state, indicating a transition to the VBNC state in response to desiccation.
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026Compared to the standard methodology for biocontamination control (EN 17141:2020), the resuscitation step prior to culture yielded a significantly greater recovery of Gram-negative ESKAPE bacteria in the VBNC state from both experimentally contaminated samples and environmental surfaces.
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026This study demonstrates that clinically relevant Gram-negative ESKAPE pathogens can persist on hospital surfaces in the VBNC state, thereby evading conventional approaches for environmental control, resulting in substantial underestimation of the bacterial burden.
ESKAPE Gram-negative bacteria escape culture-based detection upon desiccation on abiotic surfaces. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2026These factors were arranged in simple two-level factorial designs using Gram-positive cocci ( Staphylococcus aureus ), Gram-positive bacilli ( Bacillus subtilis ), and Gram-negative bacilli ( Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) bacteria, including clinical isolates with known antimicrobial resistance profiles.
Increased growth temperature and vitamin B12 supplementation reduces the lag time for rapid pathogen identification in BHI agar and blood cultures. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2023An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue..
An optimized staining technique for the detection of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria within tissue. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016
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Acid-fast
Evidence (1)
Routine Ziehl-Neelsen staining of the pus revealed acid-fast bacilli (AFB), prompting cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) and culture which confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Rapid Tuberculosis (TB) Ag MPT64 was also positive.
Recurrent breast abscess leading to an incidental diagnosis of tuberculous mastitis: a case report. — Europe PMC, 2026
6 Biochemical tests for identification
high-
Antibiotic susceptibility profile
Evidence (6)
In RPMI-HS about 50% of the strains were sensitive (MIC < 32) to GaN and GaM, both compounds showing a similar spectrum of activity, although GaM was more effective than GaN.
Antimicrobial Activity of Gallium Compounds on ESKAPE Pathogens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2018Finally, at the step, MIC values of 20 (47%) hVISA isolates reduced to 2 µg/mL after sub culturing for the gradient test.
Investigation of heteroresistant vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus among MRSA isolates. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Isolates were cultured on blood and MacConkey agar, identified by colony morphology, Gram stain and standard biochemical tests, and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method per CLSI guidelines.
Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study — Europe PMC, 2026Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance to azithromycin (61.0%), tetracycline (44.1%) and penicillin (40.7%), while gentamicin (8.5% resistance) and chloramphenicol (20.3% resistance) retained the greatest activity.
Bacterial Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Isolates from Door Handles at a Public University Campus in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study — Europe PMC, 2026Therefore, the present study was undertaken with the primary objective of identifying the bacteria isolated from pus samples received for culture in the microbiology laboratory from the Department of Orthopaedics, Tezpur Medical College and Hospital, and determining the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among the isolated bacteria.
Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram of Culture-Confirmed Orthopaedic Wound Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital. — Europe PMC, 2026Objectives To determine the California Mastitis Test (CMT)-based prevalence of bovine mastitis in the Jaffna district, identify causative bacterial pathogens, evaluate antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and assess farm-level risk factors associated with mastitis occurrence.
Prevalence of bovine mastitis and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates in the Jaffna District, Sri Lanka. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Coagulase — reported negative
Evidence (6)
We conducted a preliminary study with 100 S. aureus and 45 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) stock isolates plated on CSA.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000On culture of pus grew Coagulase negative staphylococcus species.
Blastomycosis-Like Pyoderma- A Rare Case Report. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2016Diabetics were twice at risk of UTI; [Odds ratio; 2.04 (CI: 1.68-2.48, p<0.05)]. .Escherichia coli and klebsiella were most common gram-negative, while Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were most common gram-positive bacteria in both the groups.
Isolation and drug susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in Saudi diabetic and non-diabetic patients with urinary tract infection. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2022With the exception of "any organism" and coagulase-negative staphylococci, all Sp estimates were over 94% in the daily data and over 97% in the weekly data, suggesting that for most species, definition A may be acceptable.
Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2011For coagulase-negative staphylococci, definitions B (2 colonies from a 0.01-mL milk sample) raised the Sp to 92 and 95% in the daily and weekly data, respectively.
Diagnosing intramammary infections: evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2011Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity.
Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021
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Catalase
Evidence (6)
Culture on CSA was then prospectively compared to a conventional laboratory method, i.e. , culture on 5% horse blood agar (HBA), catalase test, and latex agglutination test (HBA-catalase-latex), for isolation and presumptive identification of S. aureus from 2,000 consecutive clinical samples.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000Among the 310 S. aureus isolates recovered by at least one of the two methods, 296 grew as typical mauve colonies on CSA, while only 254 yielded catalase-positive, latex-positive colonies on HBA.
Evaluation of CHROMagar Staph. aureus, a new chromogenic medium, for isolation and presumptive identification of Staphylococcus aureus from human clinical specimens. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2000Clinical specimens that yielded MRSA isolates were cultured on standard media and identified using standard phenotypic methods (Gram stain, catalase, coagulase, and DNase tests).
In Vitro Assessment of Ceftaroline Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan — Europe PMC, 2026Background Ignavigranum ruoffiae is a rare catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive coccus.
Ignavigranum ruoffiae isolated from a scrotal abscess: a case report and literature review. — Europe PMC, 2026Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow without oxygen.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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VITEK 2
Evidence (6)
The typical colonies were identified to species level using biochemical methods, namely the VITEK ® 2 ID-GP64 identification card (bioMerieux, France).
Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed using the VITEK ® 2 AST GP Gram-positive specific bacteria card (bioMerieux, France).
Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 system, and colonization patterns were analyzed using exact statistical methods.
Multisite Colonization Ecology of Multidrug-Resistant and Commensal Bacteria Among Cardiovascular Outpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study from Cairo, Egypt. — Europe PMC, 2026Bacterial isolates were presumptively identified using standard biochemical tests and further identified to the species level using the VITEK 2 Compact system.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Adult Intensive Care Unit Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital. — Europe PMC, 2026Basic bacteriological culturing methods were used for culturing of bacterial isolates on selective media while the Vitek 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) was used for bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test.
An Investigation of Potential Health Risks from Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens Associated with Farm Rats — DOAJ, 2020Standard microbiological methods and VITEK analysis were used for bacterial isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA according to the 2024 EUCAST guidelines.
Isolation and Evaluation of a Lytic Staphylophage With Activity Against Methicillin Resistant <i>Staphylococcus Aureus</i> from Postsurgical Wound Infections in Surgical Wards at Mzuzu Central Hospital, Malawi — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026
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MALDI-TOF MS
Evidence (6)
Samples were comparatively analysed with MALDI-TOF MS after preparation with the Sepsityper kit and also by standard bacteriology (culturing and biochemical characterisation).
Acceleration of the identification of sepsis-inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020Bacterial species identified from agar plates and by MALDI-TOF MS from blood culture bottles were identical for all samples.
Acceleration of the identification of sepsis-inducing bacteria in cultures of dog and cat blood. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020Isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 system, and colonization patterns were analyzed using exact statistical methods.
Multisite Colonization Ecology of Multidrug-Resistant and Commensal Bacteria Among Cardiovascular Outpatients: A Cross-Sectional Study from Cairo, Egypt. — Europe PMC, 2026Initial synovial fluid cultures were negative; however, enrichment using aerobic blood culture bottles, followed by subculture, yielded C. propinquum identified by MALDI-TOF MS.
Septic arthritis due to <i>Corynebacterium propinquum</i>: first report of isolation from synovial fluid in a native joint. — Europe PMC, 2026Pus culture grew L. adecarboxylata , which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, while blood culture remained negative.
Leclercia adecarboxylata cellulitis in a neutropenic Thai child with acute myeloid leukemia. — Europe PMC, 2026The isolate was identified as I. ruoffiae by MALDI-TOF MS using a Bruker microflex LT/SH system with Biotyper software version 4.1.100 and database Revision H2022, which had been locally expanded in the laboratory; the identification score was 2.40.
Ignavigranum ruoffiae isolated from a scrotal abscess: a case report and literature review. — Europe PMC, 2026
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16S rRNA gene sequencing
Evidence (4)
For genotypic identification, strains 16S rRNA gene sequences were used.
Technological properties of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020These strains were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the phylogenetic tree obtained by neighbor-joining method allowed grouping of these strains into three subgroups.
Technological properties of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020Identification of the bacteria (Enterococcus durans) was carried out on the basis of its morphological, biochemical characteristics and carbohydrate fermentation profile and by API50CH kit and 16S rDNA analyses.
Purification and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian airag. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2006Basic Protocol 1: Gathering rodent samples for pathogen screening Basic Protocol 2: Inoculation and screening of bacterial cultures from rodent samples Support Protocol 1: Identification of bacteria using differential media Basic Protocol 3: Identification of Helicobacter by PCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene Basic Protocol 4: Pinworm screening by microscopy Support Protocol 2: Confirmation and specification of parasites (pinworms and mites) by PCR Basic Protocol 5: Mite screeni
Application of Microbial and Parasitology Techniques for Diagnosis in Laboratory Rodents. — Europe PMC, 2026
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Haemolysis pattern
Evidence (3)
Forty-three samples were confirmed as positive for Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus isolates were classified into the following categories: S. aureus , S. pseudintermedius , S. intermedius , S. epidermitis , S. haemolyticus, and S. hyicus .
Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021At the same time, 5812-A/C has no hemolytic activity toward erythrocyte, but possessed weak cytotoxic activity represented by heterochromatin condensation in human buccal epithelium cells.
A Novel Peptide Antibiotic Produced by Streptomyces roseoflavus Strain INA-Ac-5812 With Directed Activity Against Gram-Positive Bacteria — DOAJ, 2020Nasal swabs taken from them were inoculated onto Blood Agar & Mannitol Salt Agar within 1 hour and incubated aerobically at 37 °C for 24-48 hours. β-haemolytic colonies & Mannitol fermenting colonies which showed gram positive cocci in clusters in gram staining and produced Catalase & Coagulase were identified as S. aureus .
Screening for nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a Rural Teaching Hospital in Medchal District, Telangana — Zenodo, 2018
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Lecithinase (egg yolk)
Evidence (1)
Lecithinase activity on the medium "Baird-Parker dry agar Base" and mannitol fermentation on the medium "Vogel-Johnson dry agar Base" in the preliminary phenotypic test allow the isolation and differentiation of clinical isolates of S. aureus from S. epidermidis, and S. saprophyticus.
Clinical trials of new culture media for staphylococcus isolation. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021
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Carbohydrate fermentation panel
Evidence (2)
Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity.
Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2021Identification of the bacteria (Enterococcus durans) was carried out on the basis of its morphological, biochemical characteristics and carbohydrate fermentation profile and by API50CH kit and 16S rDNA analyses.
Purification and characterization of two bacteriocins produced by lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian airag. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2006
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DNase
Evidence (3)
Clinical specimens that yielded MRSA isolates were cultured on standard media and identified using standard phenotypic methods (Gram stain, catalase, coagulase, and DNase tests).
In Vitro Assessment of Ceftaroline Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan — Europe PMC, 2026We demonstrate that two genes in the operon, SAUSA300_1739 , and SAUSA300_1740, encode nucleases with DNase activity.
An operon encoding two secreted nucleases mediates virulence in Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> — bioRxiv / medRxiv (via Europe PMC), 2026Furthermore, for differentiation on the species level, catalase (positive for all Staphylococcus species), coagulase (fibrin clot formation, positive for S. aureus), DNAse (zone of clearance on DNase agar), lipase (a yellow color and rancid odor smell), and phosphatase (a pink color) tests are all done.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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Lipase
Evidence (3)
It has been found that strains do not exhibit lipolytic and proteolytic activities nor have lysine, ornithine, and arginine decarboxylase activity.
Technological properties of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from sucuk (Turkish dry-fermented sausage). — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2020S. aureus also produces lipase to digest lipids, staphylokinase to dissolve fibrin and aid in spread, and beta-lactamase for drug resistance. === Toxins === Depending on the strain, S. aureus is capable of secreting several exotoxins, which can be categorized into three groups.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026Furthermore, for differentiation on the species level, catalase (positive for all Staphylococcus species), coagulase (fibrin clot formation, positive for S. aureus), DNAse (zone of clearance on DNase agar), lipase (a yellow color and rancid odor smell), and phosphatase (a pink color) tests are all done.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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Aerotolerance test — reported positive
Evidence (4)
Background Ignavigranum ruoffiae is a rare catalase-negative, facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive coccus.
Ignavigranum ruoffiae isolated from a scrotal abscess: a case report and literature review. — Europe PMC, 2026It is a Gram-positive, non-motile, and facultative anaerobic bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus in cow milk: Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and hygiene implications — Zenodo, 2024It is often positive for catalase and nitrate reduction and is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that it can grow without oxygen.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026Exchange of DNA between the same lineage is not blocked, since they have the same enzymes, and the RM system does not recognize the new DNA as foreign, but transfer between different lineages is blocked. == Microbiology == Staphylococcus aureus (, Greek σταφυλόκοκκος 'grape-cluster berry', Latin aureus, 'golden') is a facultative anaerobic, gram-positive coccal (round) bacterium also known as "golden staph" and "oro staphira".
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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Pigment production
Evidence (3)
Staphyloxanthin is membrane bound Carotenoid and plays an important role in antimicrobial activity.
Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins — Zenodo, 2018The aim of the present study was to detect the role of Staphyloxanthin pigment production from S. aureus isolates against Staphylococcus aureus isolate from coin proving antagonistic property.
Staphylococcus Aureus Pigment Bio Colour as a Novel Antibacterial Agent Against Staphylococcus Aureus Isolate from Coins — Zenodo, 2018Staphylococcal pigments Some strains of S. aureus are capable of producing staphyloxanthin - a golden-coloured carotenoid pigment.
Staphylococcus aureus — Wikipedia, 2026
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Tween 80 hydrolysis
Evidence (1)
Through single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman (PB) experiment, steepest ascent experiment and response surface methodology, yeast extract, zinc sulfate, sodium acetate, mannitol, Tween-80, and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate were identified to display significant influence on the production of bacteriocin.
Optimization of Culture Medium Ingredients and Culture Conditions for Bacteriocin Production in Lactococcus lactis NCU036019. — PubMed (NCBI E-utilities), 2025
7 References used
86 sourcesCatalogues to check by hand
These have no open interface, or their terms forbid automated querying. The app prepares the query; you open it.
Scan log — what each database returned
| Database | Status | Records | Evidence | Time | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCBI Taxonomy — lineage and accepted name | empty | 0 | 0 | 1 ms | TaxID 1280 (species). |
| LPSN — nomenclatural status | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — LPSN credentials not configured (free registration). |
| StrainInfo — strain cross-references | empty | 0 | 0 | 769 ms | No response (endpoint may require a different path). |
| GBIF — name resolution | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Matched as Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 1884 (ACCEPTED). |
| Wikidata — identifier bridge | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Item Q188121 matched. |
| DSMZ MediaDive — curated growth media | empty | 0 | 0 | 1 ms | No media entries matched this name in MediaDive. |
| BacDive — curated strain phenotypes | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — BacDive credentials not configured. This is the single highest-value source; registration is free. |
| PubMed — culture and cultivation query | hit | 25 | 46 | 20 ms | 25 abstracts retrieved (culture query). |
| PubMed — morphology and identification query | hit | 25 | 49 | 21 ms | 25 abstracts retrieved (pheno query). |
| PubMed Central — open-access Methods sections | hit | 5 | 35 | 15 ms | 5 open-access full texts mined. |
| Europe PMC — abstract search | hit | 25 | 55 | 20 ms | 25 records from Europe PMC. |
| Europe PMC — full-text mining | empty | 0 | 0 | 3420 ms | 0 full texts mined for Methods detail. |
| Crossref — DOI metadata | hit | 25 | 8 | 6 ms | 25 DOI records (abstracts only where deposited). |
| OpenAlex — open scholarly graph | hit | 25 | 22 | 22 ms | 25 works (inverted abstracts reconstructed locally). |
| Semantic Scholar — abstracts | empty | 0 | 0 | 1093 ms | Rate-limited or unavailable (keyless access is throttled). |
| DOAJ — open-access journals | hit | 20 | 23 | 19 ms | 20 open-access articles. |
| OpenAIRE — repository publications | empty | 0 | 0 | 14016 ms | 0 repository publications. |
| SciELO — regional journals | empty | 0 | 0 | 472 ms | No parseable SciELO response (their JSON output is unstable; a deep link is still provided). |
| NCBI Bookshelf — reference texts | hit | 8 | 0 | 1 ms | 8 reference-text chapters listed. |
| CORE — aggregated repositories | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| Springer Nature — publisher metadata | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| ScienceDirect — publisher metadata | skipped | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Skipped — no API key configured. |
| bioRxiv / medRxiv — preprints | hit | 12 | 5 | 9 ms | 12 preprints (not peer reviewed — weighted down). |
| Zenodo — datasets and protocols | hit | 15 | 33 | 12 ms | 15 deposits (datasets, theses, protocols). |
| Wikipedia — orientation only | hit | 1 | 27 | 12 ms | Article retrieved (lowest weight). |
| ATCC — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| NCTC / UKHSA — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| Google Scholar — deep link (not crawled) | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| protocols.io — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |
| ResearchGate — deep link | empty | 0 | 0 | 0 ms | Deep link prepared — open manually. |